He is Coca-Cola's largest shareholder. He owns Dairy Queen. Last
year, Buffett got a train set, buying into Burlington Northern Santa Fe
Railway. And in late April, he bought a piece of the world's largest
candy store, sinking $6.5 billion into the Mars-Wrigley
chocolate-and-bubble gum merger.
What's next for the Nebraska billionaire investor? DC Comics? Daisy BB guns?
It
is true that Buffett, 77, frequently touts his childlike-love of
cheeseburgers and Cokes.
In the eyes of many, the Oracle of
Omaha -- whose Berkshire Hathaway holding company owns or has major
stakes in many iconic brands, including Fruit of the Loom, Kraft Foods
and Johnson & Johnson -- looks like a brand investor.
Brand
investors buy companies with well-known or well-regarded names. The
belief is that even though a brand company may produce many unlike
products, their qualities -- supported by strong management and a broad
marketing and distribution system -- will translate into consistent,
above-average returns.
"Really, nothing can go wrong with the
Wrigley and Mars brands," Buffett said on CNBC after announcing that he
would finance part of Mars' buyout of Wrigley. "They have faced the
test of time over decades and decades, and people use more and more of
their products every day."
Brand-name companies can often charge more for their products than their less-established
competitors and weather tough times more smoothly because of their
loyal customer bases.
They also have the ability to leverage
their name recognition to increase business .... In addition, brand companies tend to have
dominance in their fields.
"Brands themselves are what one might
call soft assets -- they don't actually show up in the balance sheet of
a company's financial statements," said Robert Millen, chairman and
portfolio manager of Jensen Investment Management, which has shares in
Procter & Gamble, Coca-Cola and Johnson & Johnson. "But the
value of that brand is clearly in the business -- and it takes years
and years to build. Once you've built that strength and you continue to
feed it and support it over time, then you get ... pricing power that
allows the business to maintain margins throughout varying economic
periods. Secondly, you get repeat business. And those two things lead
to consistent earnings."
Branded-products companies have a higher
propensity to pass along price increases when they have increasing
costs themselves, said Larry Coats, of the Oak Value Fund in Durham,
N.C.
"The consumer is buying more than just the raw material,"
said Coats, whose top holdings include 3M, American Express, Oracle and
Berkshire Hathaway. "They're buying something else, whether it's a
trusted relationship, or confidence in the product, an acknowledement
of a higher quality."
To that end, one brand company that Coats,
a value investor, has been buying in recent months is Tiffany, which
consistently produces gross margins of 55 percent to 57 percent, above
the 50 percent of typical jewelry retailers.
One of the key
qualities Gary Bradshaw, of Hodges Capital Management in Dallas, seeks
in brand companies is the ability to expand products overseas. The
thinking is that though mature brands may have little room to grow
domestically they could use their overseas plants and vast marketing
power to tailor their products in a way that would help them gain
market share in emerging economies.
But brand investing is not
without its pitfalls. Even Buffett has had his share of stumbles
despite his long-term record.
But in 1989, Berkshire Hathaway invested $358
million in US Air for 9.25 percent of the airline's preferred stock. In
his 1996 letter to shareholders, Buffett wrote that he was "beguiled by
the company's long history of profitable operations, and by the
protection that ownership of a senior security seemingly offered me."
But,
Buffett said, he overlooked a crucial fact: The airline industry was
rapidly deregulating. This created cutthroat competition that ate into
US Air's earnings even as it had to maintain a cost structure held over
from a time when federal regulation protected the carrier's profit.
Buffett unloaded his US Air shares at a gain in 1998, avoiding two
bankruptcies by the airline in following years, but he characterized
his analysis of the airline as "superficial and wrong."
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