India
Opportunities in the
world’s largest democracy
India has long been known for the diversity of its culture, for the inclusiveness of
its people and for the convenience of geography. Today, the world’s largest
democracy has come to the forefront as a global resource for industry in
manufacturing and services. Its pool of technical skills, its base of English
speaking populace with an increasing disposable income and its burgeoning
market have all combined to enable India emerge as a viable partner to global
industry.
Investment opportunities in India are today perhaps at a peak. Supported by
India’s natural strengths, the country offers investment opportunities in excess
of $500 billion in diverse sectors over the next five years.
The Government of India is committed to enabling foreign investors discover
India as a partner - with whom they can work in synergy to achieve their objectives
of growth and profitability.
Welcome to India!
Namaste!
India is among
the three
most
attractive
FDI destinations
in the world.
India has among
the highest
returns on
foreign
investment.
INDIA 19.3%
CHINA 14.7%
THAILAND 13.0%
- US Department of Commerce
- A T Kearney,
FDI Confidence Index 2005
By 2032, India
will be among
the three
largest
economies in
the world.
- BRIC Report
Goldman Sachs, October 2003
India is a
developed
country as far as
intellectual
capital is
concerned. - Dan Scheinman, Cisco System Inc. as told to
Business Week, August 2005
We came to
India for the costs,
stayed for the quality
and are now
investing for
innovation.
- Jack Welch, General Electric
Floorless trading system at the National Stock Exchange (NSE), India.
C O N T E N T S
Destination India
INFRASTRUCTURE
Power 30
Telecommunications 32
Roads 34
Ports 36
Civil Aviation & Airports 38
Petroleum & Natural Gas 40
Infrastructure at a glance (map) 42
SERVICES
Banking & Financial Services 46
Insurance 48
Real Estate & Construction 50
Retail 52
Tourism 54
Tourism at a glance (map) 56
MANUFACTURING
Metals: Steel and Aluminium 60
Textiles & Garments 62
Electronics Hardware 64
Chemicals 66
Automobiles 68
Auto Components 70
Gems and Jewellery 72
Food & Agro Products 74
Manufacturing at a glance (map) 76
NATURAL RESOURCES
Coal 80
Metal Ores 82
Oil & Gas Exploration 84
Resources at a glance (map) 86
KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 90
Healthcare 92
IT & IT Enabled Services 94
Knowledge Economy at a glance (map) 96
India - a fast growing free 07
market democracy
Large and growing domestic market 11
Versatile, skilled human capital 12
Abundant resources 14
Robust legal & business support systems 16
Sound economic fundamentals 17
Steady economic reform regime 18
Healthy, vibrant financial sector 20
Enriched quality of life 21
FDI policy overview 100
Sector caps and entry routes 102
Entry options for foreign investors 107
Industrial policy 109
Key Acts governing foreign investment 110
Important laws governing business 111
Investment facilitation agencies 113
Opportunities Policies and laws
01 02
Map of India 118
The Government of India 120
Economic and social indicators 121
Key metros 124
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations 126
03
04
General information
6
Delhi - the capital city with a population of over 12 million has one of the highest per capita income levels in India.
India - a fast growing
free market democracy
One of the
five largest
economies
in the world
GDP
growth of
7-8% p.a.
expected
Source: Central Statistical Organisation
India’s competitiveness from a natural and human resources standpoint is making it
the destination of choice for investors.
India is a fast-growing economy with a dynamic and robust financial system. Being a
democracy ensures a stable policy environment and its independent institutions
guarantee the rule of law.
This highly diversified economy has shown rapid growth and remarkable resilience
since 1991, when economic reforms were initiated with the progressive opening of
the economy to international trade and investment. Events such as the Asian currency
crisis, the dotcom bust and rising oil prices have had no significant impact on India’s
growth; with the economy recording an average annual GDP growth of 6.5% over the
past decade. Going forward, the country is targeting an annual GDP growth rate of
7-8%.
India is in the global arena for increased foreign investment - both through the Equity
markets - termed Foreign Institutional Investment (FII) - and Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI). While its size and growth potential make India attractive as a market, the most
compelling reason for investors to be in India is that it provides a high Return on
Investment. India is a free market democracy with a legal and regulatory framework
that rewards free enterprise, entrepreneurship and risk taking.
GDP (PPP)
(US$ trillion)
Source: World Bank
Destination India
Versatile, skilled
human capital
the world’s largest
pool of English
speaking scientists
and engineers
Large and
growing
domestic market
300-million-strong
consuming class
and growing at
8% p.a.
Abundant
resources
large mineral
reserves and one
of the largest
producers of
agricultural
commodities
Robust legal and
business support
systems
independent
judiciary and
accounting
systems
Destination India
08
Sound economic
fundamentals
low, stable inflation
rate and increasing
savings rate
Enriched
quality of life
cosmopolitan,
multicultural
lifestyle
Steady economic
reform regime
over one decade of
economic reform
Healthy, vibrant
financial sector
transparent,
modern and wellgoverned
financial
sector
10
India is experiencing a boom in consumer spending
Over 380 million Indians (72 million households) have an annual household income
of over $10,000 (in PPP terms). This is expected to increase to 550 million by 2010.
The economic reforms since the early nineties have unleashed a new entrepreneurial
spirit creating a vibrant economy supported by rising per capita income.
Fast growing disposable incomes, increased availability and use of consumer finance
and credit cards complement the keenness of the average Indian to adapt to and
assimilate global trends. This has led to the creation of a rapidly growing consumer
base and one of the world’s largest markets for manufactured goods and services.
Growth in key sectors like infrastructure, services and manufacturing continues at
almost 12% p.a.
The market for basic goods such as groceries and textiles is already large, driven by
the demands of an enormous population. Markets for other products are equally
large and growing rapidly.
• Over 100 million telephone subscribers, growing at over 25 million p.a.
• Over 8 million TV sets and 4 million refrigerators are sold annually with a
growth of over 20% p.a.
• Total production of vehicles is likely to exceed 10 million in 2005-06, up
from 8.6 million in 2004-05. In 1998-99, this was only 4.2 million.
India has been ranked 2nd by AT Kearney in a Global Retail Development Index of 30
developing countries and is seen as a potential gold mine.
ESTIMATED POTENTIAL BASED ON COMPARABLE
BENCHMARKS
Large and growing
domestic market
2001-02
(Million Population)
By 2009-10, over DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATION OF INDIA
500 million Indians
are expected to
have a household
income of over
$ 10,000* per annum
Destination India
Source: Industry estimates, TSMG
*in PPP terms
Rich (above $1,15,000)
High Income ($57,000 - $1,15,000)
Consuming Class ($23,000 - $57,000)
Working Class ($10,200 - $23,000)
Needy (below $10,200)
2005-06
(Million Population)
2009-10 (E)
(Million Population)
Source: NCAER
Annual Household Income
Note: Average household size is 5.38; All values in PPP terms at 2001-02 prices
2
9
48
221
726
9
17
74
285
710
20
33
120
404
613
Burgeoning
markets
12
An unparalleled resource of educated, hard-working, skilled and ambitious workforce is the
hallmark of India’s human capital.
That this workforce is also one of the world’s youngest, adds to India’s attractiveness as an
investment destination. Of the BRIC* countries, India is projected to stay the youngest with its
working age population estimated to rise to 70% of the total population by 2030 - the largest
in the world. By then, the country is expected to have an additional 200 million people entering
the job market.
English is the language of business in India and the large English speaking workforce is a
benefit to investors and employers. In fact, more Indians know English than the population of
the USA. India’s diverse cultural heritage puts Indians at ease with people from other cultures,
and vice versa.
With over 380 universities, 11,200 colleges and 1,500 research institutions, India has the
second largest pool of scientists and engineers in the world. Over 2.5 million graduates are
added to the workforce every year including 300,000 engineers and 150,000 IT professionals.
Versatile, skilled human
capital
Median Age
(years)
Destination India
Among the
world’s
youngest
nations
Low
labour
costs
Source: The World Fact Book (www.cia.gov)
Source: http://siakhenn.tripod.com
Labour cost
($ per annum)
* Brazil, Russia, India and China
In India, over 2.5 million graduates are added to the workforce every year.
14
4th largest
reserves
(248 Bn T)
Coal
A vast geography endowed with diverse topography has made India the repository of
abundant resources which provides a base for world scale manufacturing investment.
With an area of 3.3 million square kilometres, India is the seventh largest country in
the world, and the second largest in Asia.
India’s reserves of coal, iron ore, manganese, bauxite and chromium are among the
largest in the world. Large quantities of mica, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas and
limestone are also to be found in India.
With the largest area of arable land in the world, India is one of the world’s largest
food producers - over 200 million tonnes of foodgrains are produced annually. India
is the world’s largest producer of milk, sugarcane and tea and the second largest
producer of rice, fruit and vegetables.
Though an importer of petroleum and natural gas, India has abundant coal reserves
and a large untapped hydroelectric power potential of an estimated 150,000 MW.
Abundant resources
Destination India
3rd largest
reserves
(57 Mn T)
Chromium
4th largest
reserves
(2.4 Bn T)
Bauxite
2nd largest
reserves
(160 Mn T)
Manganese
Source: US Geological Survey, Department of Mines, Ministry of Coal, World Fact Book
5th largest
reserves
(13 Bn T)
Iron Ore
Milk
Largest
producer
at 91 Mn T
p.a.
Second largest
producer at
90 Mn T
p.a.
Sugarcane Tea
Largest
producer at
234 Mn T
p.a.
Largest
producer at
850 Mn Kgs.
p.a.
Vegetables
Second largest
producer at
72 Mn T
p.a.
Fruit Wheat
Second largest
producer at
47.5 Mn T
p.a.
Source: Economic Survey, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India
Second largest
producer at
85 Mn T
p.a.
Rice
India has among the best quality reserves of iron ore & bauxite
16
Robust legal and business
support systems
India is a free market democracy with a robust, well developed legal and administrative
system. The Indian Legal system has been derived originally from that of the United
Kingdom and is at par with that of any developed economy.
Accounting standards in India are similar to those followed internationally. Many Indian
companies are listed on the NYSE and NASDAQ and report their results under
US GAAP*.
India has a long history of entrepreneurship, private enterprise and market economics
that dates back to the 19th Century. In fact, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Limited
was set up in 1875.
The original Indian Companies Act governing the incorporation and operation of
limited liability companies dates back to 1882, though it has been extensively
updated thereafter.
As a result of the pro-business environment, Indian companies have investments in
most sectors of the economy spanning infrastructure, manufacturing and services.
Several Indian companies operate on a global scale, with worldwide operations. These,
along with numerous companies from the small and medium enterprise (SME) sector
offer considerable scope for joint ventures, collaborations and partnerships.
India has well-developed support services for business and industry with professional
Audit and Accounting firms (some are affiliated with international Accounting firms)
and qualified Corporate Law practitioners. Major international advertising companies,
investment banks and consulting firms are also well represented in India.
Destination India
* Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Sound economic fundamentals
Decreasing
interest rates*
Stable
inflation* rate
Increasing
savings rates*
Source: RBI
Increasing
forex reserves
(As % of GDP)
Source: Reserve Bank of India
(%) (US$ billion)
(% p.a.)
Source: Reserve Bank of India
Source: Economic Survey, CMIE
* Annual average
* Prime lending rate * Gross domestic savings
Destination India
Steady economic
reform regime
Destination India
Investment friendly
policies:
• relaxed FDI norms
• low tax rates
• reduced import duties
After several years of being a largely closed economy, India initiated the process of opening
up its economy in 1991 when it introduced far-reaching economic reforms of deregulation
and liberalisation. These reforms have unlocked India’s enormous growth potential and
unleashed powerful entrepreneurial forces. Since 1991, successive governments, across
political parties, have successfully carried forward the country’s economic reform agenda.
During this reform period, India has witnessed increased participation in world trade,
consistent, high economic growth and an increasingly favourable environment for domestic
and foreign investors.
India is a founder member of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and is a
signatory to the WTO (World Trade Organization). India continues to play a significant role
in the current WTO negotiations.
Going forward, infrastructure development is a major focus area and the government is
actively encouraging private investment to bridge the gap. Projects that are already
underway include the “Golden Quadrilateral” highway plan (covering 5,850 km and costing
US$ 5.5 billion) to link the four major metropolitan cities (Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata),
the “Sagar Mala” project for the expansion and modernisation of ports, inland navigation
and maritime transport and the privatisation of airports of Mumbai and Delhi.
The Government has recently passed a Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Bill. SEZs are
treated as deemed foreign territory with no import or export tariffs and extended periods
for waiver of income taxes. Fourteen SEZs have been set up and many more are in the
pipeline.
Legislation on Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) has been adopted by the country’s
Parliament. All IPR laws are TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)
compliant with a fully functional Intellectual Property Appellate Tribunal.
18
Increasing Foreign
Investment
(US$ billion) Peak customs duties on
manufactured items
(%)
Rationalised
Import Duties
Imports
(US$ billion)
Exports
(US$ billion)
Corporate
Tax Rates
(%)
Source: FICCI
Source: RBI Source: RBI
Corporate Performance
Note: Based on results of around 6,800 listed companies
Source: CMIE, TSMG Analysis
Source: RBI
Increasing Foreign Trade
Destination India
20
Destination India
The financial sector in India is characterised by liberal and progressive policies, vibrant
equity and debt markets and prudent banking norms.
India has a transparent, highly technology-enabled and well-regulated stock market
defined by the most modern, nationwide, on-line screen-based trading system (SBTS),
a T+2 rolling settlement system and a market cap of over $450 billion. With the
largest number of listed companies - 10,000 - across 23 Stock Exchanges, India also
has the third largest investor base in the world.
India’s healthy banking system with a network of 70,000 branches is among the
largest in the world. Aggregate deposits of commercial banks were about $400 billion
in March 2005 (60% of the GDP) and the total bank credit stood at $250 billion
(about 38% of the GDP). NPA levels of banks in India are under 5%, one of the lowest
among emerging nations. The Banking system is Basel I compliant and moving towards
Basel II norms.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the country’s central bank, has effectively managed
the country’s monetary policy over the last five decades. The country’s current Prime
Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh is a former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India and
a former Finance Minister.
India’s financial sector has been one of the fastest growing sectors in the economy.
It has also witnessed increased private sector activity including an explosion of foreign
banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, venture capital and investment institutions.
Healthy, vibrant financial sector
India has the
largest number of
listed companies
across 23 Stock
Exchanges and the
third largest investor
base in the world.
Enriched quality of life
India offers a multi-cultural, tolerant, inclusive, environment and well developed social urban
infrastructure with enabling environments for foreigners to settle and do business in the country.
India has five major metros and many large cities that are fast finding a place on the world map.
The capital of India is Delhi - a unique amalgam of the modern tree lined avenues of ‘New’ Delhi
juxtaposed with the old world charm of the old city. Delhi is the centre of national politics,
international embassies and has one of the highest per capita income levels in India.
Mumbai (formerly Bombay) is the commercial capital of India and one of the largest cities in the
world, supporting a population of over 16 million. It is also the fashion and entertainment capital of
the country.
Bangalore, known as the Silicon Valley of India is the nerve-centre of the country’s software industry.
It has also gained the reputation of one of the world’s prime Business Process Outsourcing centres.
Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) is one of the largest metropolitan cities of India with strong cultural and
literary tradition and is home to many old businesses and trading houses.
Chennai (formerly Madras) is a traditional city in South India and with a large industrial base, is
home to many of India’s engineering and technical enterprises.
India is a country on the move! Hotels, clubs, shopping malls, golf courses, theatres, fast-food
chains, fast cars ...all these define the pace, character and modernity of lifestyle in Indian cities.
Indian cuisine is fast gaining popularity all over the world. International cuisines are also available
widely and are received enthusiastically by the local population. Most large Indian cities have
internationally recognised schools and colleges and world-class health care facilities.
In addition to extensive domestic connectivity, India is internationally well connected by air
and sea. All the major cities are on international air routes, and international air traffic is
growing rapidly.
Destination India
Enriched quality of life in India

One-fifth of Fortune 500
companies have set up R&D
centres in India.
India is among only 3 countries in the world to
have built its own supercomputer.
India is among only 7 countries
in the world to have
built a car indigenously.
11 out of every 12 diamonds in the
world are polished in India.
50 percent of the world’s tea
is produced in India.
One out of every 6 two-wheelers
in the world is manufactured in India.
220 of the Fortune 500
companies source software
from India.
India is among only 6
countries in the world to have
satellite launch
capabilities.
One out of every 10 new mobile users
in the world is an Indian.
India has the largest film industry in the world.
India has one of the largest
television networks in the world,
with over 300 channels and
500 million TV viewers.
Infrastructure
opportunities
at a glance
Services
Over $250 billion of
investment needed
in 5 years
POWER
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
ROADS
PORTS
CIVIL AVIATION &
AIRPORTS
PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS
Over 100% growth in
demand for key services
in the next 5 years
BANKING & FINANCE
INSURANCE
REAL ESTATE &
CONSTRUCTION
RETAIL
TOURISM
Manufacturing
PHARMACEUTICALS &
BIOTECHNOLOGY
HEALTHCARE
IT & IT ENABLED SERVICES
Resources Knowledge Economy
Over $130 billion of
investment opportunity
in 5 years
METALS: STEEL, ALUMINIUM
TEXTILES & GARMENTS
ELECTRONICS HARDWARE
CHEMICALS
AUTOMOBILES
AUTO COMPONENTS
GEMS AND JEWELLERY
FOOD & AGRO PRODUCTS
Large reserves with
over $60 billion of
investment opportunity
COAL
METAL ORES
OIL & GAS EXPLORATION
Over 300% growth in
knowledge sectors in the
next 5 years

• Power
• Telecommunications
• Roads
• Ports
• Civil Aviation & Airports
• Petroleum & Natural Gas
Infrastructure
OVERVIEW
30
SIZE
• Generation capacity of 122 GW; 590 billion units produced (1 unit = 1kwh)
• CAGR of 4.6% over the last four years
• India has the fifth largest electricity generation capacity in the world
• Low per capita consumption at 606 units; less than half of China
• T&D network of 5.7 million circuit km – the 3rd largest in the world
• Coal fired plants constitute 57% of the installed generation capacity, followed by
25% from hydel power, 10% gas based, 3% from nuclear energy and 5% from
renewable sources
STRUCTURE
• Majority of Generation, Transmission and Distribution capacities are with either
Public sector companies or with State Electricity Boards (SEBs)
• Private sector participation is increasing especially in Generation and Distribution
• Distribution licences for several cities are already with the private sector
• Many large generation projects have been planned in the private sector
POLICY
• 100% FDI permitted in Generation, Transmission & Distribution - the Government
is keen to draw private investment into the sector
• Policy framework: Electricity Act 2003 and National Electricity Policy 2005
• Incentives: Income tax holiday for a block of 10 years in the first 15 years of
operation; waiver of capital goods import duties on mega power projects (above
1,000 MW generation capacity)
• Independent Regulators: Central Electricity Regulatory Commission for central PSUs
and inter-state issues. Each State has its own Electricity Regulatory Commission.
INFRASTRUCTURE
POWER
Opportunities
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 200 billion
till 2012
•G - Generation •T - Transmission •D - Distribution
Source: Ministry of Power, Capitaline
Major players and presence in value chain Capacity •G •T •D
(MW)
Public Sector
National Thermal Power Corporation 23,749 ✓
National Hydro Electric Power Corporation 3,615 ✓
Nuclear Power Corporation 2,770 ✓
Domestic Private Sector
Tata Power 2,203 ✓ ✓ ✓
RPG Group - CESC 1,005 ✓ ✓ ✓
Reliance Energy 885 ✓ ✓ ✓
International Private Sector
China Light and Power (CLP) 655 ✓
Marubeni Corporation 330 ✓
OPPORTUNITY
Over 150,000 MW of Hydel Power is yet to be tapped in India
OUTLOOK
• Over 90,000 MW of new generation capacity is required in the next
seven years
• A corresponding investment is required in transmission and
distribution networks
• Power costs need to be reduced from the current high of 8-10 cents/
unit by a combination of lower AT & C losses, increased generation
efficiencies and added low cost generating capacity
POTENTIAL
• Large demand-supply gap: All India average energy shortfall of 7% and
peak demand shortfall of 12%
• The implementation of key reforms is likely to foster growth in all
segments:
• Unbundling of vertically integrated SEBs
• “Open Access” to transmission and distribution network
• Distribution circles to be privatised
• Tariff reforms by regulatory authorities
• Opportunities in Generation for:
• Coal based plants at pithead or coastal locations (imported coal)
• Natural Gas/CNG based turbines at load centres or near
gas terminals
• Hydel power potential of 150,000 MW is untapped as assessed by
the Government of India
• Renovation, modernisation, up-rating and life extension of old thermal
and hydro power plants
• Opportunities in Transmission network ventures - additional 60,000
circuit km of transmission network expected by 2012
• Opportunities in Distribution through bidding for the privatisation of
distribution in thirteen states that have unbundled/corporatised their
State Electricity Boards – expected to take place over the next 2-3 years
• Total investment opportunity of about US$ 200 billion over a seven
year horizon
India requires an additional 100,000 MW of generation capacity by 2012
Power Generation
Capacity in India
(GW)
Source: Ministry of Power
For additional information: Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, State Electricity Regulatory Commission (http://powermin.nic.in)
OVERVIEW
32
INFRASTRUCTURE
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Opportunities
Major players and presence in value chain
Total estimated
investment opportunity
of US$ 22 billion
over the next 5 years
Company Services Investor
Cellular Basic NLD1 ILD2
1. Bharti ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Vodafone, Singapore
Televentures Telecom, Warburg Pincus
2. Reliance Infocomm ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Reliance Group
3. Tata Indicom ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Tata Group
4. BSNL ✓ ✓ ✓ Government of India
5. Hutchison Essar ✓ Hutchison Whampoa,
Essar Group
6. IDEA Cellular ✓ AT&T, Tata Group,
Birla Group
Note: 1 National Long Distance
2 International Long Distance
Source: TRAI, DoT, TSMG Analysis
SIZE
• India is the fifth largest telecom services market in the world; $17.8 billion
revenues in FY 2005
• Industry grew by about 36% in FY 2005 over FY 2004
• 119 million subscribers - 48 million fixed lines and 71 million wireless -
November 2005
• Telecom market has grown at about 25% p.a. over the last 5 years
• Wireless segment subscriber base grew at 85% p.a.; fixed line segment at
about 10% p.a.
STRUCTURE
• The Indian telecom market has both public and private sector companies
participating:
• Public sector has over 60% market share, down from over 90% in 2000
• Private companies have added subscribers at a CAGR of 192% since 2000
• Mobile operators have deployed both CDMA (16 million users) and GSM
(55 million users) wireless networks
• Value added service features constitute 10% of revenue today (2% in 2001)
POLICY
• 74% to 100% FDI permitted for various telecom services (for details, please refer
to table on page 104)
• FIPB approval required for foreign investment exceeding 49% in all telecom
services
• 100% FDI permitted in telecom equipment manufacturing
• India has a telecom policy that aims to encourage private and foreign investment.
Highlights are:
• An independent regulator – the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)
• Revenue-share model for licences issued by the Government for telecom
services in India. Unified access licences are available for providing telecom
services on a pan-India basis
• Planned opening up of National Long Distance (NLD), International Long
Distance (ILD) and other value added services.
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• India expected to be among the fastest growing telecom markets in
the world
• Projected growth of 30-40% p.a. to reach 250 million subscribers by
2009-2010
• Over 3 million new users are added every month – mostly
in wireless
POTENTIAL
• Favourable demographics and socio economic factors leading to
high growth:
• Growth of disposable income combined with changes in lifestyle
• Increasing affordability - low tariffs, easy payment plans and handset
financing
• Increased coverage and availability of mobile services
• Investment opportunity of $22 billion across many areas:
• Telecom Devices and Software for Internet, Broadband and Direct
To Home Services. Set Top boxes, Gateway exchange, Modem,
Mobile handsets and consumer premise equipments, Gaming
devices, EPABX, Telecom Software
• Telecom Services for voice and data via a range of technologies
• Applications and Content development ranging from gaming
to education
• Nokia, Elcoteq, Alcatel, LG, Ericsson are all investing in India
India will require large investments in network infrastructure
Over 150% growth in telecom services is projected in 5 years
For additional information: Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Information Technology & Communications (http://www.dotindia.com), Telecom Regulatory
Authority of India (http://www.trai.gov.in)
Telephone subscribers
(fixed + wireless)
(million)
Source: TRAI, TSMG
Estimates
OVERVIEW
34
INFRASTRUCTURE
ROADS
Opportunities
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 25-30 billion in
5 years
SIZE
• India has an extensive road network of 3.3 million km – the second largest in
the world
• Roads carry about 70% of the freight and 85% of the passenger traffic
• Highways/Expressways constitute about 66,000 km (2% of all roads) and carry
40% of the road traffic
• The Government of India spends about $4 billion p.a. on road development
• The ambitious National Highway Development Project (NHDP) of the Government
is at an advanced stage of implementation. Key sub-projects under the NHDP
include:
• The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ-5846 km of 4 lane highways)
• North-South & East-West Corridors (NSEW-7300 km of 4 lane highways)
• Program for 4-laning of about 14,000 km of National Highways is underway
STRUCTURE
• The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is the apex Government body for
implementing the NHDP – all contracts whether for construction or BOT are
awarded through competitive bidding
• Private sector participation is increasing, and is through:
• Construction contracts
• BOT for some stretches – based on either the lowest annuity or the lowest
lumpsum payment from the Government.
* BOT contracts permit tolling on those stretches of the NHDP
POLICY
• 100% FDI under the automatic route is permitted for all road development projects
• Incentives:
• 100% income tax exemption for a period of 10 years
• NHAI agreeable to provide grants/viability gap funding for marginal projects
• Model concession agreements formulated
The Golden
Quadrilateral and
NSEW projects
Not to scale
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• Annual growth projected at 12-15% for passenger traffic, and 15-18% for
cargo traffic
• Over $50–60 billion investment is required over the next 5 years to
improve road infrastructure
POTENTIAL
• Road development is recognised as essential to sustain India’s
economic growth
• The Government is planning to increase spends on road development
substantially with funding already in place based on a cess on fuel
• A large component of highways is to be developed through public-private
partnerships
• Several high traffic stretches already awarded to private companies
on a BOT basis
• Two successful BOT models are in place – the annuity model and
the upfront/lumpsum payment model
• Investment opportunities exist in a range of projects being tendered by
NHAI for implementing the NHDP – contracts are for construction or
BOT basis depending on the section being tendered.
• A $5 billion project plans to lay 6 lane roads over 6,500 km of National
Highways on the Design Build Finance and Operate (DBFO) basis –
for high traffic stretches of over 40,000 passenger car units (PCUs)
per day
Road development is a priority sector
India has the second largest road network in the world
For additional information: Department of Road Transport and Highways, Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways (http://morth.nic.in), National Highways
Authority of India (http://www.nhai.org)
An annual growth of 12-15% for passenger traffic has been projected
OVERVIEW
36
INFRASTRUCTURE
PORTS
Opportunities
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 20 billion till 2012
SIZE
• Indian ports handled cargo of 510 million tonnes in 2004-05, 10.8% increase
over 2003-04
• 80% of the port traffic by volume is dry and liquid bulk, remaining 20% is general
cargo, including containers
• Containerised cargo has grown at a rate of 15% p.a. over the last 5 years
• India has 12 Major Ports and 185 Minor Ports along 7,517 km long Indian coastline
• Cargo handled by Major Ports has increased by 9.5% p.a. over last 3 years
• Major ports handle 75% of the total traffic
• Of the 12 Major Ports, 11ports are run by Port Trusts while the port at Ennore is
a corporation under the Central Government. These ports handled 383 million
tonnes of cargo in 2004-05
• Two major Government projects underway:
• Project “Sethusamundram”: Dredging of the Palk Strait, in Southern India to
facilitate maritime trade through it
• Project “Sagarmala”: $22 billion project for the modernisation of Major and
Minor Ports
STRUCTURE
• Government of India dominated maritime activity in the past. Policy direction is
now oriented to encouraging the private sector to take the lead in port development
and operations
• Many Major ports now operate largely as landlord ports - International port
operators have been invited to submit competitive bid for BOT terminals on a
revenue share basis
• Significant investment on BOT basis by foreign players including Maersk (JNPT,
Mumbai) and P&O Ports (JNPT, Mumbai and Chennai), Dubai Ports International
(Cochin and Vishakhapatnam) and PSA Singapore (Tuticorin)
• Minor ports are being developed by domestic and international private investors:
Pipavav Port by Maersk, Mundra Port by Adani Group (with a terminal operated
by P&O)
POLICY
• 100% FDI under the automatic route is permitted for port development projects
• 100% income tax exemption for a period of 10 years
• Tariff Authority of Major Ports (TAMP) regulates the ceiling for tariffs charged by
Major ports/port operators (not applicable to Minor ports)
• A comprehensive National Maritime Development Policy is being formulated to
facilitate private investment, improve service quality and promote competitiveness.
Major Port Trade Container Traffic (04-05)
(04-05, MMT) (million TEU*)
Chennai Port 44 0.62
Cochin Port 14 0.19
Ennore 9.5 —
Haldia 36 0.13
JNPT 33 2.37
Kandla Port 42 0.18
Kolkata Port 10 0.16
Mormagao 31 0.01
Mumbai Port 35 0.22
New Mangalore Port 34 —
Paradip Port 30 —
Tuticorin Port 16 0.30
Vizag Port 50 0.05
Source: Indian Ports Association
* Twenty foot equivalent unit
Cargo handled by Major Ports in India
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• Cargo handling at all the ports is projected to grow at 7.7% p.a. till
2013-14 with Minor ports growing at a faster rate of 8.5% compared to
7.4% for the Major ports
• Traffic estimated to reach 960 million tonnes by 2013-14
• Containerised cargo is expected to grow at 17.3% over the next
9 years
• The New Foreign Trade Policy envisages doubling of India’s share in
global exports in next five years to $150 billion
• A large portion of the foreign trade to be through the maritime route:
95% by volume and 70% by value
POTENTIAL
• Growth in merchandise exports projected at over 13% p.a. underlines
the need for large investments in port infrastructure
• Investment need of $13.5 billion in the major ports under National
Maritime Development Program (NMDP) to boost infrastructure at these
ports in the next nine years
• Under NMDP, 219 projects have been identified for the development
of Major ports
• Public–Private partnership is seen by the Government as the key to
improve Major and Minor ports
* 64% of the proposed investment in Major ports envisaged from
private players
• The plan proposes an additional port handling capacity of 530 MMTA in
Major Ports through:
• Projects related to port development (construction of jetties,
berths etc.)
• Procurement, replacement or up-gradation of port equipment
• Deepening of channels to improve draft
• Projects related to port connectivity
• Investment need of $4.5 billion for improving Minor Ports
For additional information: Department of Shipping, Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways (http://shipping.nic.in)
The JNPT port where the capacity will be over 3 million TEU by 2006
The port sector has seen significant investment by major global port operators
Source: Department of
Shipping, Capital Market,
Industry Estimates.
Cargo handled at
all Indian Ports
(MMT)
OVERVIEW
38
INFRASTRUCTURE
CIVIL AVIATION &
AIRPORTS
Opportunities
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 15-17 billion
in 5 years
SIZE
• India has 125 airports; of these 11 are designated international airports
• In 2004-05, Indian airports handled 60 million passengers and 1.3 million tonnes
of cargo
• Passenger traffic grew at over 22% in 2004-05 over 2003-04; Cargo grew at
21.6% over the previous year
STRUCTURE
• Currently all 125 airports are owned and operated by the Airports Authority of
India (AAI)
• The Government aims to attract private investment in aviation infrastructure
• Privatisation of the Delhi and Mumbai airports is in progress – bidders have
submitted final bids. Expected investment of about $3.5 billion
• New international airports at Bangalore and Hyderabad are being built by
private consortia with a total investment of about $600 million
• 25 other city airports are being considered for private investment
• Air India and Indian Airlines are the Government owned international and domestic
flag carriers respectively.
• Indian private airlines – Jet, Sahara, Kingfisher, Deccan - account for around 60%
of the domestic passenger traffic. Some have started international flights.
POLICY
• 100% FDI is permissible for airports; FIPB approval required for FDI beyond 74%
• 49% FDI is permissible in domestic airlines under the automatic route, but not by
foreign airline companies
• 100% equity ownership by Non Resident Indians (NRIs) is permitted
• AAI Act amended to provide legal framework for airport privatisation
• 100% tax exemption for airport projects for a period of 10 years
• ‘Open Sky’ Policy of the Government and rapid air traffic growth have resulted in
the entry of several new privately owned airlines and increased frequency/flights
for international airlines.
Airport Passenger traffic
(million, 2003-04)
Bangalore 3.2
Chennai 4.6
Delhi 10.3
Hyderabad 2.2
Kolkata 3.0
Mumbai 13.3
Airport Statistics 2003-04
Source: Director General of Civil Aviation, AAI
OPPORTUNITY
Development of airport infrastructure is a focus area for the Government
OUTLOOK
• Passenger traffic is projected to grow at a CAGR of over 15% in the
next 5 years
• To cross 100 million passengers p.a. by 2010
• Cargo traffic to grow at over 20% p.a. over the next five years
• To cross 3.3 million tonnes by 2010
• Major investments planned in new airports and upgradation of
existing airports
POTENTIAL
• Favourable demographics and rapid economic growth point to a
continued boom in domestic passenger traffic and international
outbound traffic
• International inbound traffic will also grow rapidly with increasing
investment and trade activity and as India’s rich heritage and natural
beauty are marketed to international leisure travellers.
• Consequent high demand for investments in aviation infrastructure
• Government is taking steps to increase participation by private industry
• Major opportunities lie in:
• Modernisation/upgradation of Metro airports – induction of partners
for Chennai, Kolkata expected subsequently
• Development of 30 non-metro airports – opportunities could also
be in city side development of these airports
• Greenfield airport projects planned in resort destinations and
emerging metros such as Goa, Pune, Navi Mumbai, Ludhiana, etc.
• Estimated investment of over $15 billion for airport development over
the next 5 years
Source: Ministry of Civil
Aviation, TSMG Estimates
Passenger Traffic in India
(million)
For additional information: Ministry of Civil Aviation (http://civilaviation.nic.in), Airport Authority of India (http://www.airportsindia.org.in/aai/main.htm)
There has been a significant uptrend in domestic and international air travel
OVERVIEW
40
INFRASTRUCTURE
PETROLEUM &
NATURAL GAS
Opportunities
Total investment
opportunity of
US$ 25-30 billion by 2010
Downstream
SIZE
• Petroleum & Natural Gas constitutes over 16% of GDP and includes transportation,
refining and marketing of petroleum products and gas
• $90 billion revenues in FY 05
• India has a crude oil refining capacity of about 127 MMT
• Natural gas demand is about 150 MMSCMD (2004) with only 54% being met
through domestic sources
• Production of petroleum products has grown at 6.5% p.a. during the last 3 years
STRUCTURE
• Public sector companies play a major role in oil refineries, oil and gas pipelines
and gasoline retail outlets
• Indian Oil Corporation, Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum together
account for about 70% of India’s refining capacity and own/franchise most
gasoline retail outlets
• Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL) owns and operates a large gas grid
• Reliance Industries and Essar Group are the major Indian Private sector
participants
• Reliance is expanding its Jamnagar refining capacity to 60 MMTA. Expected
to be the single largest grassroot refinery in the world
• Shell has invested in refining and retail; British Gas has invested in city gas
distribution
• BP, Total, Exxon Mobil and Eni are also present in India. While they are currently
in marketing lubricants, Total and BP plan to expand in other value chain segments
POLICY
• 100% FDI is allowed in petroleum refining, petroleum product and gas pipelines
and marketing/retail through the automatic route
• For entry into petroleum product marketing/retail, an investment in an
upstream venture of over $450 million is required
• Virtual administrative price control of government over most petroleum products
• Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Bill to be enacted shortly will result
in the setting up of an Independent Regulator for Oil & Gas
• Natural Gas Pipeline Policy to be enacted shortly
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy – 2005, Capitaline
Fortune, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India.
Company Revenue ($ billion) Upstream Midstream -
FY 05 Pipelines Refining Retail Outlets
Public Sector
IOC 31.4 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
BPCL 14.9 ✓ ✓ ✓
HPCL 14.4 ✓ ✓ ✓
ONGC 14.1 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Domestic Private Players
Reliance Industries 15.4 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
International Private Players
Shell (FY 04) 268.7 ✓
British Gas 33.5 ✓ ✓
(Centrica)(FY 04)
Cairn Energy 0.2 ✓
(FY 04)
Major players and presence in value chain
Source: Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas,
BP Statistical Review of World Energy
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• High GDP growth rate, rapidly growing vehicle population and better
road infrastructure will drive consumption of petroleum products
• Industry is expected to grow at a CAGR of about 8% to 10%
• Over 190 MMT of refining capacity required by 2010
• Over 120MMSCMD of additional demand for Natural Gas in the next
five years
• Recent gas finds and increased use of gas for power generation,
petrochemicals, fertilisers and city gas distribution
POTENTIAL
• Several areas of unexploited potential, including:
• City gas distribution
• LNG (import) infrastructure – terminals, regasification, pipelines to
industrial consumers
• Growing demand-supply mismatch provides opportunities for investment
in the entire value chain for petroleum (refining, product pipelines,
storage and retail) and Natural Gas
• Investment need of $15 billion and $8 billion estimated in refining and
marketing respectively by 2010
Large growth projected in fuel retail
For additional information: Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (http://petroleum.nic.in)
Over 190 MMT of refining capacity required by 2010
Source: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Crude Oil Refining
Capacity
(MMTA)
Natural Gas
Demand
(MMSCMD)
Infrastructure
at a glance
Graphical representation,
not to scale
The Bangalore and Hyderabad international airports will
be set up by private led consortia
Mumbai & Delhi, the busiest airports
in India, are being privatised
JNPT, the biggest container
terminal of India, handles 60% of
Indian container traffic
Cochin Port is being developed as
an international transhipment
container terminal
The Golden Quadrilateral and NSEW Corridor with over
13,000 km of four-lane highways is India’s largest
roadway project
India needs over 100,000 MW of additional power
generation capacity by 2012

• Banking & Finance
• Insurance
• Real Estate & Construction
• Retail
• Tourism
Services
OVERVIEW
46
SERVICES
BANKING &
FINANCIAL SERVICES
Opportunities
SIZE
• India has a rapidly growing Banking and Financial Services sector based on sound
fundamentals (low NPAs, Basel I compliant)
• Total banking assets of about $450 billion in 2004; growth of 15% p.a.
since 1991
• Liquid and well regulated equity markets – Market cap of over $450 billion.
Turnover has grown to $1,170 billion in 2003-04 from $285 billion in 2002-03
• Mutual funds assets of $45 billion; growth of 13% p.a. since 1993 when private
mutual funds were launched
• 40 Venture Capital and Private Equity Funds operate in India
STRUCTURE
• Public sector (Government owned) banks account for 75% of the assets; however,
Indian private banks and foreign banks are growing very fast
• Standard Chartered Bank, Citibank and HSBC are the top three foreign banks in
India with more than 65% of the total assets of foreign banks
• Most global players in banking & financial services - Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch,
JP Morgan, Deutsche Bank, UBS, ABN Amro, Barclays, Calyon etc. - are in India
• The Mutual Funds industry has both domestic and foreign companies - UTI Mutual
Fund, Prudential ICICI, HDFC, Franklin Templeton, Birla and Tata
POLICY
• Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India’s central bank is the regulator for the Banking
and Financial Services industry
• Has issued guidelines for adoption of Basel II by December 2006
• RBI approval is required for all foreign investment in this sector
• Foreign banks can do business in India either by setting up branches or through
a wholly owned subsidiary, after approval by RBI
• Indian private banks can be 74% foreign owned, with a 5% cap on ownership by
any one entity
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 25 billion in
5 years
Source: RBI
Structure of the Indian Banking Industry
Classification of Banks Number of Total Assets
(as on March 31 ’04) Banks ($ billion)
Public Sector Banks 27 338.3
Indian Private Banks 30 84.4
Foreign Banks 32 31.3
Total 89 454.0
OPPORTUNITY
One of the-largest banks of India with one of the largest ATM networks
OUTLOOK
• Total banking assets are expected to double and grow to $915 billion by
2010 - a CAGR of 15%
• $70 billion additional equity needed for growth plus Basel II
compliance
• Mutual Funds: Assets Under Management (AUM) are expected to grow
by 15% till 2010
• Retail Finance is expected to grow at an annual rate of 18%, from
$27.6 billion in 2003-04 to $64.2 billion by 2008-09
POTENTIAL
• Several factors favour high growth:
• Demographic profile favours higher retail offtake - 54% of the
population is in the 15-35 years age group
• Capital expenditure by the Government and private industry is
expected to grow at a high rate
• Economic growth of about 12% p.a. in nominal terms
• SME lending, a largely untapped market, presents a significant
opportunity - SMEs account for 40% of the industrial output and 35% of
direct exports
• Regulatory and technological enablers leading to high growth:
• The Banking system is technologically enabled with RTGS and cheque
truncation in place
• Improved asset management practices - Gross NPAs to Advances
ratio reduced from 24-25% in 1993 to 7-8% in 2004
• Investment opportunity across all segments in the Banking and Financial
Services sector
Foreign banks gaining prominence and popularity in India
India has a highly developed Financial Services sector
Source: Indian Banks’
Association
Asset Growth: Indian Banks
(US$ billion)
For additional information: Ministry of Finance (http://finmin.nic.in), Indian Banks’ Association (http://www.indianbanksassociation.org)
OVERVIEW
48
SERVICES
INSURANCE
Opportunities
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 4-5 billion
in 5 years
SIZE
• Insurance is a $10 billion (premiums) industry in India: Grew by 25% in 2004-05
over the previous year
• In Life insurance, the total premium collected in FY2004-05 was $5.8 billion for
26.2 million policies: growth of 36% over 2003-04
• Non-life insurance - Motor, marine, fire and health insurance are the key segments
• For Non-life, the total premium collected in FY2004-05 was $4.2 billion
* Growth of about 12.8% over 2003-04
STRUCTURE
• Indian Insurance market was opened to private & foreign investment in 1999-2000.
• Major international players like AIG, Aviva, MetLife, New York Life, Prudential,
Allianz, Sun Life, Standard Life and Lombard are already present with minority
stakes in joint ventures with Indian companies for both Life and Non-life segments
• Life Insurance market is still dominated by Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) - a
public sector company which has a 78% share of the market.
• In Non-life, private sector companies (almost all are joint ventures with foreign
insurers) account for 20% of the market and have grown at 60% p.a.
POLICY
• FDI up to 26% is permitted under the automatic route subject to obtaining a
license from the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA)
• Plans to increase FDI up to 49%
• Insurance Regulatory Development Authority (IRDA) is the regulator for the
Insurance industry
First year Premium
(2004-05, $ million)
Public Sector
LIC 4548
Private Sector
ICICI Prudential 364
Bajaj Allianz 198
Birla Sun Life 143
HDFC Standard Life 112
Life Insurance: Major Players
Source: IRDA
Name of Company
Name of Company
Non-life Insurance: Major Players
First year Premium
(2004-05, $ million)
Public Sector
New India Assurance 967
National Insurance 879
Oriental Insurance 698
United India Insurance 679
Private Sector
ICICI Lombard 203
Bajaj Allianz 196
ECGC 119
IFFCO Tokio 117
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• Indian Insurance market is expected to be around $25 billion by 2010
• Expected CAGR of over 20% p.a.
POTENTIAL
• Largely untapped market: about 0.6% of the global market for 17% of the
world’s population
• Nearly 80% of the Indian population is without Life, Health and Nonlife
insurance
• Insurance penetration is low at 2.9% as compared to the world
average of over 8%.
• Non-life penetration is even lower - less than 1% in 2003
• Per capita life insurance premium in India in 2004 was $16 as
compared to the world average of $292
• Strong economic growth with increase in affluence and rising risk
awareness leading to rapid growth in the Insurance sector
• Many more international players including AXA have announced plans
to enter India
• Investment opportunities exist in both Life and Non-life segments
• Total estimated investment opportunity of $4-5 billion
Source: IRDA, Swissre
Many international players are entering the Indian Insurance market
Insurance Market:
First year premium
($ billion)
Source: Industry Estimates
TSMG Analysis
For additional information: Ministry of Finance (http://finmin.nic.in), Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (http://www.irdaindia.org)
Non-life penetration is low in India - a potential growth area of the future
OVERVIEW
50
SERVICES
REAL ESTATE &
CONSTRUCTION
Opportunities
SIZE
• Real Estate and Construction is a $12 billion (by revenue) industry in India
• Rapid growth in the industry in the past few years
STRUCTURE
• Highly fragmented sector with few organised players of scale
• Most real estate developers have only a local or regional presence
• Modest participation of large corporations in the sector
• Margins are higher in India (>20%) as compared to the developed
markets (5-6%)
• Participation of institutional finance in Real Estate is just beginning
• Real estate venture funds permitted: Prominent Indian corporates like ICICI
Bank, SBI and HDFC have promoted real estate venture funds
• Proposal to allow Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) being examined
• Various foreign Real Estate and Finance companies like GE Commercial Finance,
Tishman Speyer, Ascendas and Farallon Capital have entered the Indian market
POLICY
• 100% FDI is allowed in real estate development subject1 to minimum scale norms
of either:
• 25 acres in case of serviced plots or integrated townships; or
• 50,000 sq. mtrs. of built-up area for construction development projects.
Top Players in the Real Estate & Construction industry
Company Revenue Real-Estate Footprint
(2004, $ million) Developed (million sq.ft)
Hiranandani 172 30 Mumbai, Chennai, Dubai
Unitech 143 40 Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai, NCR*, Bangalore, Hyderabad
DLF 114 29.5 Delhi, NCR*, Mumbai, Mohali, Kolkata
Ansal 80 15 Punjab, Delhi, NCR*, Lucknow
Source: Business Press * NCR: National Capital Region
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 50 billion
in 5 years
1 Please refer Section 3 (page 103) for specific conditions
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• The Real Estate market is projected to grow to $50 billion by 2010
• CAGR of over 30% p.a. is expected over the next five years
POTENTIAL
• Several factors are expected to contribute to the rapid growth in
Real Estate
• Large demand-supply gap in affordable housing
* Demand fuelled by the availability of loans at low interest rates,
tax incentives and a growing middle class with higher savings
• Increasing demand for commercial and office space especially from
the rapidly growing Retail, IT/ ITeS and Hospitality sectors
• The recently announced Urban Infrastructure Renewal Mission is
expected to give a boost to the sector.
* $11.5 billion earmarked over the next five years for 60 cities
• Investment opportunities exist in almost every segment of the business
• Housing: About 20 million new units expected to be built in five years
• Office space for IT/ITeS: Five-fold increase in office space
requirement over the next 3 years
• Commercial space for organised retailing: 200 million sq. ft. by 2010
• Hotels & Hospitality: Over 50,000 new rooms in the next 5 years
• Investment opportunity of over $50 billion in the next five years
• Major foreign institutional investors including Morgan Stanley, Merrill
Lynch, AIG, Blackstone and Calpers have shown interest in investing in
Indian real estate
Commercial and office complexes mushrooming in major Indian metros
Over 20 million new housing units required in 5 years
Potential Investment
Opportunity: Approximately
$ 50 billion
Source: Industry Experts,
TSMG Estimates
For additional information: Ministry of Urban Development (http://urbanindia.nic.in), Confederation of Real Estate Developers Associations of India
(http://www.credai.com)
Real Estate Market
($ billion)
Source: DSP Merrill Lynch
OVERVIEW
52
SERVICES
RETAIL
Opportunities
SIZE
• India is one of the ten largest retail markets in the world
• Retail sales were $206 billion in 2004, over 30% of GDP
• ‘Organised Retail’ constitutes only 3% of total retail sales - about $6.4 billion p.a.
• However, ‘organised retail’ has been growing at over 20% p.a. in the last
5 years
STRUCTURE
• The Indian Retail sector is highly fragmented: mostly owner-run ‘Mom and Pop’
outlets
• Over 12 million retail outlets
• Average outlet size < 500 sq.ft.
• There are a few medium sized Indian retail chains like Pantaloon, Shoppers’ Stop,
Foodworld (RPG Group) and Westside (Tata Group) – all growing rapidly
• Mainly in the apparel and food & grocery segments
• Dairy Farm, Metro, Shoprite and Marks & Spencer are the only major international
retail chains in India: Each has a marginal presence through either franchisee or
wholesale formats
POLICY
• 100% FDI is allowed in Cash and Carry Wholesale formats. Franchisee
arrangements are also permitted in retail trade.
• Government is examining opening FDI in retail trade
Top Players in the Retail Industry
Players Revenues Space (sq. ft.) Format
($ million) Dec 2004
(2003-04)
Pantaloon Retail 150 1,000,000 F&G, Specialty
RPG Retail 135 590,000 F&G, Specialty
Shoppers’ Stop 100 740,000 Specialty Retail
Lifestyle International 53 325,000 Specialty Retail
Vivek’s Ltd. 46 150,000 Consumer Durables
Trent (Tata) 38 270,000 F&G, Specialty
Source: KSA Technopak, TSMG
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 5-6 billion
in 5 years
Indian Retail Market:
Market Size: $206 billion in FY 04
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• The overall retail market is expected to grow three-fold in the next 10
years from $206 billion today to about $660 billion by 2015
• India is expected to be among the top 5 retail markets in the world
in 10 years
• Organised retail is expected to grow rapidly to reach $100 billion
by 2015
• Likely to account for 12-15% of total retail sales by 2015
POTENTIAL
• The high growth projected in domestic retail demand will be fuelled by:
• The migration of population to higher income segments with
increasing per capita incomes
• An increase in urbanisation
• Changing consumer attitudes especially the increasing use of
credit cards
• The growth of the population in the 20 to 49 years age band
• There is retail opportunity in most product categories and for all types
of formats
• Food and Grocery: The largest category; largely unorganised today
• Home Improvement and Consumer Durables: Over 20% p.a. CAGR
estimated in the next 10 years
• Apparel and Eating Out: 13% p.a. CAGR projected over 10 years
• Opportunities for investment in supply chain infrastructure: Cold chain
and logistics
• India also has significant potential to emerge as a sourcing base for a
wide variety of goods for international retail companies
• Many international retailers including Wal-Mart, GAP, JC Penney etc.
are already procuring from India
Apparel retail is the largest organised segment in India
Source: TSMG Estimates
Retail Market in India
($ billion)
For additional information: Ministry of Commerce and Industry (http://commin.nic.in)
Reaching out to fulfill the needs of the modern customer
OVERVIEW
54
SERVICES
TOURISM
Opportunities
SIZE
• Travel and Tourism is a $32 billion industry in India, 5.3% of GDP
• 3.3 million international tourist arrivals in India in 2004, an increase of over 20%
from the previous year
• 270 million domestic tourists estimated in 2004; the domestic market grew at
about 20% p.a. in the last 4-5 years
• Only about 100,000 hotel rooms in 1,800 hotels across the country, registered
in 2004*
• Five star hotel rooms constitute 27%, four-star 7.5% and three-star 22%.
• All India industry-wide occupancy of about 70% in 2004-05
• Scarcity of rooms in cities like Bangalore has resulted in rates of over $300
per night
STRUCTURE
• The industry is dominated by 4-5 large Indian hotel owner-managers – The Taj
Group, Oberoi, ITC, Leela and Bharat Hotels
• Most major international chains like Sheraton/Starwood, Inter Continental, Hyatt,
Marriott, Hilton, Le Meridien, Carlson are represented by management or franchise
contracts. Aman and Accor plan to own hotels as well.
• Several others such as Shangri-La, Four Seasons, Ritz Carlton and Mandarin are
in the process of establishing their presence in India, primarily through
management contracts
• The branded segment represents approximately 30,000 rooms or 30% of the
total hotel stock
• Compounded growth in the last 5 years, in terms of rooms added, was the
strongest in the mid market segment
• The three-star hotel segment grew at about 11%; followed by the four star
segment at about 9%
POLICY
• 100% FDI is permitted in Hotels and Tourism, through the automatic route
* Registered with the Federation of Hotel and Restaurant Associations of India (FHRAI)
Key Statistics - India
Travel & Tourism Revenue ($ billion) 32
Inbound Tourist Arrivals (2004) million nos. 3.3
Inbound Tourism Revenue ($ billion) 4.0
Domestic Tourism (million nos.) 271
Domestic Tourism Revenue ($ billion) 28.0
Outbound Tourism (million nos.) 6.0
Hotel Industry – number of hotels 1,800
Hotel Industry – number of rooms 1,00,000
Source: WTTC Country Reports, FHRAI, HVS
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 8-10 billion
in 5 years
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• Foreign tourist arrivals are expected to grow to 5 million by 2007. Could
double to 10 million by 2010-12
• Domestic tourism is expected to increase by 15% to 20% p.a. over the
next five years
• Rapid growth in average room rates is expected to continue until
sufficient new supply comes on stream.
• Average room rates increased by 21% in 2005 over 2004, the fastest
growth rate was in 4-star and 5-star segments.
POTENTIAL
• Favourable demographics and rapid economic growth point to a long
term secular uptrend in the domestic demand for hotels – for business
and leisure
• International inbound traffic is expected to grow rapidly with increasing
investment and trade activity
• India’s rich heritage and natural beauty are just beginning to be
marketed to international leisure travellers.
• The growth momentum in domestic and international travel is expected
to receive a further boost with more budget airlines/lower air-fares,
open sky policies and expected improvements in travel infrastructure
(roads, airports, railways)
• There are opportunities in all price and value chain segments due to the
shortage of hotel stock - over 100,000 hotel rooms need to be added
over the next five years
• Hotel-asset construction and ownership
• Low penetration of brands (about 30%) provides opportunities for
management contracts and franchising with local hotel owners/
developers
• Serviced apartments in major cities – no chain operating in all cities,
very little stock
• Investment opportunity of about $8-10 billion in the next 5 years
India’s luxury hotels offer world-class services.
Kerala is one of the most preferred destinations for the international tourist.
For additional information: Ministry of Tourism (http://tourismindia.com), Federation of Hotel & Restaurant Associations of India (http://www.fhrai.com)
International Tourist
Arrivals in India
(million)
Source: WTTC, Planning
Commission, Business Press,
TSMG Analysis
Goa
Bharatpur
Kashmir
Agra Alleppey
Tourism
at a glance
BEACHES
MONUMENTS & PILGRIMAGE CENTRES
HILL RESORTS
WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
Jaisalmer
Chennai
Graphical representation,
not to scale

• Metals: Steel & Aluminium
• Textiles & Garments
• Electronics Hardware
• Chemicals
• Automobiles
• Auto Components
• Gems & Jewellery
• Food & Agro Products
Manufacturing
OVERVIEW
60
MANUFACTURING
METALS: STEEL &
ALUMINIUM
Opportunities
SIZE
• India is among the top 10 global suppliers of aluminium and steel in the world
• About 35 million tonnes of steel is produced in India
• India is also the largest producer of sponge iron in the world
• India consumes over 0.75 million tonnes of aluminium and 0.4 million tonnes of
copper annually
• The Metals industry employs about one million people and generates over
$13 billion in revenues (2004-05)
STRUCTURE
• The industry is dominated by large integrated players like SAIL and Tata Steel in
steel and Hindalco and Nalco in aluminium
• The Public sector has a significant presence in most metal industries
• Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) has 32% of India’s installed capacity of
crude steel
• Nalco has 38% of India’s installed capacity of aluminium
• Tata Steel, Hindalco and Sterlite are the major private players in the industry
POLICY
• 100% FDI is allowed under the automatic route for metallurgy and processing
of all metals
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of over
US$ 20-25 billion in
five years
Metal Key End Use Sectors Key Players Revenues Promoters
2004–05
($ million)
Steel Infrastructure and Automotive • SAIL 7,257 - Public Sector
(long and flat products) • Tata Steel 3,775 - Tata Group
Copper Electronics and telecom (51%) • Sterlite Industries 1,736 - Sterlite Group
• Hindustan Copper 133 - Public Sector
Aluminium Electricity and Transportation • Hindalco 2,431 - AV Birla Group
(50%) • Nalco 1,000 - Public Sector
Source: Capitaline
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• India has the potential to become one of the world’s top five suppliers
and top five markets for aluminium and steel
• Steel consumption is expected to grow by 8% p.a. to 60 million tonnes
by 2010
• Aluminium demand is expected to grow by 10% p.a. for the next
ten years
• India’s per capita consumption of metals is projected to increase
substantially in the future
• Low per capita consumption today: 30 kgs. of steel as compared to
150 kgs. globally, 0.6 kgs. of aluminium as compared to 3–4 kgs. in
the developing countries
POTENTIAL
• India is one of the lowest cost producers of steel, alumina and aluminium
• India presents large investment opportunities across the value chain:
• Integrated steel, copper and aluminium plants
• Recycling plants for secondary aluminium
• Large integrated international metal manufacturers including POSCO,
Mittal Steel and Dubai Aluminium have announced plans for setting up
plants in India
• Investment opportunity of over $10-15 billion in steel and about
$5 billion in aluminium by 2010
POSCO and Mittal Steel plan to set up green-field operations in India
For additional information: Ministry of Mines, Ministry of Steel (http://mines.nic.in, http://steel.nic.in)
India offers tremendous opportunities for integrated metal manufacturers
Source: Intecos-cier;
McKinsey & Co.
Domestic Demand
(MMTA)
OVERVIEW
62
MANUFACTURING
Opportunities
TEXTILES &
GARMENTS SIZE
• Textiles is a $36 billion industry in India; it constitutes about 5% of the GDP
• India’s share of the world trade in textiles (3.5% currently) is increasing
• Exports grew by 14% in 2004-05 over 2003-04; growth of over 20% in
CY 2005
• India is amongst the largest producers of:
• Cotton (medium staple) – 16.75 million bales p.a.
• Yarn - 4,170 million kgs. p.a.; about 25% share of world trade in cotton yarn
• Fabrics - 4,283 million sq.mts. p.a.
• This sector is the second largest employer after agriculture. About 35 million
people are directly employed
STRUCTURE
• The Indian textile industry is fragmented with only a few large and numerous
small and medium companies
• Most domestic companies lack global scale but are cost-competitive due to the
ready availability of raw material and low-cost manpower
• Major expansions are now underway or planned by almost every large
Indian manufacturer
• Cotton and synthetic fibre is available in large quantities; there are players across
the entire value chain
• India has become a sourcing base for many international labels such as GAP,
Wal-Mart, Tommy Hilfiger, Benetton, G Star, Levi’s and Marks & Spencer
POLICY
• 100% FDI is allowed through the automatic route
Revenue
(04-05) $ million Yarn Weaving Processing Garmenting
Domestic Private Players
Indo Rama Synthetic 426 ✓
Mahavir 423 ✓ ✓
Arvind Mills 388 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Alok Industries 298 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Raymond 280 ✓ ✓ ✓
Value Chain Presence
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 30 billion
in 5 years
Major players and presence in value chain
Source:Capitaline, TSMG
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• High growth is expected in the domestic market as well as exports
• The industry is expected to more than double to $83 billion in the
next five years
• The domestic market growth is driven by a larger consuming class and
increasing per capita consumption (currently only 3 kgs. of fibre per
capita: 1/3rd of world average)
• India targets to become the second largest exporter of apparel among
LCCs by 2010, next only to China
POTENTIAL
• The removal of international quota restrictions will now allow India to
convert its cost advantages into a larger share of the global market
• Opportunity to also exploit India’s large and growing consumer market
with increasing spending power
• Cost advantages of manufacturing textiles and garments in India
derive from:
• Abundant supply of inputs at competitive prices
• Low cost manpower with a range of skill levels – from unskilled
labour to fashion design
• SEZs being set-up will build on these advantages by:
• Absence of domestic taxes or import duties
• 5 year income tax holiday followed by income taxes at 50% of the
normal rate for as long as 10 years
• Reduced transaction costs
• Better infrastructure
• The Ministry of Textiles plans to set up 25 integrated textile parks over
the next two years
• Total investment opportunity of over $30 billion for capacity expansion
and modernisation
• Carrera Jeans has announced setting up a greenfield Jeans
manufacturing plant in India with an investment of over $110 million
India boasts several advantages for textiles and garment manufacture
Visibility of Indian textiles has increased over the years adding to its popularity
internationally
Source: Vision Statement for
Textiles 2004 (ICMF),
Compendium of International
Textile Statistics 2004,
Compendium of Textile
Statistics - 2004
Indian Textile Industry
(US$ billion)
For additional information: Ministry of Textiles (http://texmin.nic.in), Indian Cotton Mills Federation, Textile Associations India (http://www.icmfindia.com,
http://www.textileassociationindia.com)
OVERVIEW
64
MANUFACTURING
Opportunities
ELECTRONICS
HARDWARE SIZE
• Electronics Hardware is a $11 billion (by revenue) industry in India
• India constitutes 0.6% of the global market
• Includes design, manufacture and assembly of products related to:
• Consumer Electronics (TV, DVD, Audio systems): about $3.9 billion (FY 05)
• Industrial Electronics: about $2.1 billion (FY 05)
• Computers (PC, Servers, Laptops): about $1.4 billion (FY 05)
• Telecom Equipment (Phones and Network Equipment): about $1.6 billion
(FY 05)
• Electronic Components: about $1.6 billion (FY 05)
STRUCTURE
• Indian industry caters primarily to the domestic market. Exports are limited to
passive components like capacitors, resistors, wound components, CD-ROMs,
colour picture tubes, etc.
• India is becoming a manufacturing base in the areas of consumer electronics
and telecom equipment
• Major international players like Siemens, Texas Instruments, Matsush*ta,
Alcatel, LG, Samsung, Sharp and Lenovo have already set up manufacturing
operations in India. Many more have R&D centres
• International contract manufacturers like Flextronics, Solectron and Jabil
Circuit have set up base in India
POLICY
• 100% FDI is allowed under the automatic route with a few exceptions:
• Aerospace and defence equipment manufacturers require an Industrial licence
• The National Electronics Hardware Manufacturing Policy is proposed to resolve
tariff and duty related issues and set up hardware manufacturing clusters/ parks
• Electronic Hardware Technology Parks set up to encourage investment in the
sector in several cities e.g. Bangalore and Cuttack
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 17 billion
Indian Electronic
Hardware Industry
2004-05 in
($ billion)
Source: Convergence Plus
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• The Electronics Hardware industry is expected to grow rapidly in the
coming years
• Projected $62 billion in 2010 from about $11 billion today
• 33% CAGR in domestic consumption
• Higher growth in exports
POTENTIAL
• Availability of low-cost, high-skill man-power
• Growing domestic market due to low penetration levels today (see chart)
• Domestic market provides opportunities in manufacture of consumer
electronic goods and mobile handsets
• Electronics Hardware is one of the largest and fastest growing
industries globally
• New SEZ Act with duty-free imports and income-tax concessions
will facilitate creation of large-scale manufacturing units for the
world market
• Global market opportunities in Electronics Manufacturing Services
• Contract Manufacturing: $500 billion outsourcing opportunity by
2010 of which India can tap $11 billion
• Design Services: $7 billion projected by 2010
• Component Exports: $5 billion projected by 2010
• Nokia and Elcoteq Network have expressed intentions to set up
manufacturing base for mobile handsets in India
Electronics hardware is growing at over 30% p.a.
Penetration of Key Electronics
Hardware Items
(Per 1000 people)
Source: MAIT E & Y Survey,
Industry Estimates
For additional information: Ministry of Information Technology (http://www.mit.gov.in), Electronics & Software Export Promotion Council (ESC), Consumer Electronics and
Television Manufacturers Association India (CETMA) (http://www.escindia.org)
Electronics Hardware
Manufacturing in India
($ billion)
Source: MAIT E & Y Study,
CETMA, Industry Estimates
OVERVIEW
66
MANUFACTURING
Opportunities
CHEMICALS
SIZE
• Over $40 billion industry in 2004-05 - constitutes > 6% of GDP; 12.5% of the
industrial production - a significant component of the Indian economy:
• India is the 12th largest producer of chemicals in the world
* Manufactures more than 70,000 products
* Exports of over $12 billion in 2004-05
• However, India constitutes a relatively small portion of the global market
• 1.9% of global sales and 1.5% of international trade
STRUCTURE
• The Chemicals industry in India is fragmented with few large companies
• Over 6,600 chemical manufacturers
• Basic chemicals constitute major share of exports
• Major international companies such as BASF, Dow Chemical, Bayer and Du
Pont have operations in India
POLICY
• 100% FDI under the automatic route is allowed for all chemical items except
hazardous chemicals where Government/FIPB approval and licence to
manufacture are required
• Plans are underway to set up port based chemical parks in SEZs to encourage
clustering, provide infrastructure and enable tax concessions
• Downstream SEZs have been planned to use the output of Chemical Parks
Total estimated
investment opportunity
of US$ 75 billion over
10 years
Sub-sectors - Chemicals Industry
(% value)
Source: Chemcon 2004, KPMG Report
Major Players Revenue Areas of Promoter
($ million) Operation
( FY 2005)
Public Sector
Indian Farmers Fertiliser Co-operative Ltd. 1,697 Fertiliser GOI
National Fertiliser Ltd. 796 Fertiliser GOI
Rashtriya Chemical Fertilisers Ltd. 645 Fertiliser GOI
Domestic Private Sector
Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd. 1,925 Petrochemicals Reliance Group
Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd. 909 Petrochemicals Chatterjee Group
Tata Chemicals 706 Fertiliser, Soda Ash, Tata Group
Food Additives
International Private Sector
Castrol India (CY 04) 310 Lubricants BP Plc
ICI India 204 Paints ICI
Bayer India (CY 04) 200 Agrochemicals Bayer
Source: Capitaline
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• Projected to grow to an $80 billion industry by 2010
• Growth rate of over 15% p.a. projected over the next 5 years
• Share of the global industry could increase from 1.9% (2001) to
3.9% (2010)
• India is expected to be the 3rd largest polymer consumer by 2010
POTENTIAL
• Large and growing domestic market potential due to low per capita
consumption of key petrochemical derivatives
• 3 kgs. against global average of 17 kgs. for plastics
• 4 kgs. against global average of 23 kgs. for polymers
• Good R&D base with access to low-cost, high-quality human resources
• Proven capability for chemical process development
• Major raw materials are available within the country or readily importable
• SEZs have no import tariffs and provide income tax concessions
• Strategic location: In the heart of the high-growth markets of India, Asia
and the Middle East
• Vibrant downstream industry and a large number of manufacturers
provide options for joint ventures, alliances and acquisitions
• Major opportunities lie in all segments: Basic, Specialty and Knowledge
Chemicals
• A strong global presence in the export of dyes, pharmaceuticals
and agrochemicals
• Investment opportunity of over $ 75 billion in the next 10 years
Chemicals sector is expected to grow at over 15% p.a.
India requires large investments in chemical plants
Sectorwise Growth
Prospects
($ billion)
Source: KPMG
Growth Areas
Pharmaceuticals, Biotechnology
and Agro chemicals
Organic specialty – Paints,
Food Additives, Plastics Additives
Secondary/Tertiary Petrochemicals –
Plastics, Polymer, Fibre intermediates
27%
16%
7%
(CAGR %)
For additional information: Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals, Ministry of Chemicals (http://www.nic.in/cpc), Indian Chemical Manufacturers Association
India (http://www.icmaindia.com)
OVERVIEW
68
MANUFACTURING
AUTOMOBILES
Opportunities
SIZE
• A $24 billion industry; Exports constitute 5% of revenues
• The Auto Industry in India has witnessed very high growth rates: Over 15% CAGR
in vehicle production in the last 4 years
• 8.6 million vehicles produced in India in 2004-05, of which
• 1.2 million Passenger Cars; 13.5% CAGR over the last 4 years
• 6.6 million Two-wheelers (motor cycles and scooters); 15% CAGR over the
last 4 years
• 0.38 million Commercial Vehicles; 24% CAGR over the last 4 years
• 0.37 million Three-wheelers; 17% CAGR over the last 4 years
• However, India still has low vehicle penetration
• Only 3 cars, 50 two-wheelers per 1000 individuals
STRUCTURE
• Industry has a mix of large domestic private players (Tata, Mahindra, Ashok
Leyland, Bajaj, Hero Honda) and major international players including GM, Ford,
Daimler Chrysler, Toyota, Suzuki, Honda, Hyundai and Volvo
• All major international players have set up manufacturing capacities in India
POLICY
• 100% FDI allowed through the automatic route.
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 13 billion in
the next 5 years Sales Volume in India (FY 05)
Source: Capitaline, Fortune, TSMG
Major players and sales volumes
Company Revenues
(US$ million) Commercial Passenger Two- Three-
Vehicles Cars wheelers wheelers
Major Indian Private Players (FY 05)
Tata Motors 4,044 209,584 179,264
Hero Honda 1,724 2,621,400
Bajaj Auto 1,434 1,602,565 221,785
Ashok Leyland 988 54,769
TVS Motors 673 1,167,515
Major International Private Players (CY 04)
Suzuki 22,011 487,388 Planned
Hyundai 46,358 142,022
Ford 172,233 26,931
GM 193,517 27,532
Toyota 172,616 43,076
Honda 80,487 37,482 551,847
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• Auto market expected to double in the next 7 years
• Vehicle production expected to increase from 8.6 million vehicles in
2004-05 to 15 million by 2010-11
• Overall growth of over 12% p.a. will have some segments that outperform:
• Passenger Cars and Two-wheelers expected to be the fastest
growing segments
• Heavy Trucks to drive growth in commercial vehicles
POTENTIAL
• India has several advantages making it an attractive destination for
investment in the automobile sector
• Low-cost, high-skill manpower with an abundance of engineering
talent – the second largest in the world
• Well developed, globally competitive Auto Ancillary Industry
• Established automobile testing and R&D centres
• Among the lowest-cost producers of steel in the world
• Opportunity to address the global auto market while leveraging the
domestic market
• Hyundai and Suzuki are already considering India as a global hub for
manufacture of small cars
• Opportunity to set up R&D and Engineering centres
• Potential for investment of over $13 billion in the next 5 years
• Global majors including Suzuki, Hyundai and Honda have committed
resources of over $2 billion for capacity expansion
India is one of the fastest growing passenger car markets in the world
Source: SIAM data, Industry
Estimates, TSMG Estimates
For additional information: Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Sector Enterprises (http://dhi.nic.in/dpi), Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers
(http://www.siamindia.com)
International companies have already committed over $2 billion to
manufacturing capacity
Vehicle Production
(million units)
OVERVIEW
70
MANUFACTURING
AUTO COMPONENTS
Opportunities
SIZE
• $8.7 billion industry; 16% is exports ($1.4 billion)
• The Auto Components industry has experienced high growth in the past few years
• Domestic market CAGR of 23% in the last 4 years
• Exports CAGR of 34% in the last 4 years
• India has a small, 0.4% share of the global Auto Components Industry
STRUCTURE
• Industry highly fragmented: Fewer than 5 players with revenues over $250 million
• Indian manufacturers are gaining recognition as “global quality” players
• 50% of Indian Auto Components exports are to Europe and USA
• 5 Indian companies in the automotive sector have received the coveted Deming
Prize: the largest number outside Japan
• Many international auto-component majors including Delphi, Visteon, Bosch and
Meritor have set up operations in India
• Many auto manufacturers including GM, Ford, Toyota, etc. and Auto Components
manufacturers have set up International Purchasing Offices (IPOs) in India to
feed their global operations
• India is also becoming a global hub for R&D: GM, Daimler Chrysler, Bosch, Suzuki,
Johnson Controls etc. have set up development centres in India
POLICY
• 100% FDI allowed through the automatic route
Note: 1 Consolidated Revenues
2 Indian Revenues
Source: Capitaline Database, FY 05 (unless mentioned otherwise)
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 5 billion
in 5 years
Company Revenues Value Chain Presence in India
($ million) Design Manufacturing Exports
Domestic Private Players1
Bharat Forge Limited1 466 ✓ ✓ ✓
Tata Auto Component Systems 250 ✓ ✓ ✓
Sundaram Fasteners 234 ✓ ✓ ✓
Brakes India (FY 04) 178 ✓ ✓ ✓
International Private Players2
MICO (FY 04) 572 ✓ ✓ ✓
Visteon NA ✓ ✓
Delphi NA ✓ ✓
Major players and presence in value chain
OPPORTUNITY
India is emerging as a global manufacturing hub for auto component manufacture
OUTLOOK
• Auto Components Industry expected to grow at a CAGR of 15% over the
next 10 years
• India’s share in world Auto Components to grow from 0.4% in
2003-04 to over 3% by 2015-16
• Domestic market projected to grow at over 8% p.a. in the next
10 years
• Exports projected to grow at over 30% p.a.
POTENTIAL
• India amongst the most competitive manufacturers of Auto Components;
especially,
• Metal Intensive components: Forgings, Stampings, Castings
• Skilled Labour-intensive components: Machining, wiring-harness,
other electrical components
• Hi-tech components: Electronic Fuel Injectors
• Opportunity to address the global Auto Components market while
leveraging India’s large and growing domestic market
• Opportunity to set up R&D centres in India
• Indian technical skills acknowledged as among the best in the world
• Potential of over $5 billion for investment in India
India is among the most competitive manufacturers of auto components in the world
For additional information: Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Sector Enterprises (http://dhi.nic.in/dpi), Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India
(http://acmainfo.com)
Source: Auto Component
Manufacturers Association
of India.
Auto component industry
(US$ billion)
OVERVIEW
72
MANUFACTURING
GEMS AND
JEWELLERY
Opportunities
SIZE
• Large market for Gems & Jewellery with domestic sales of over $10 billion
• 4% of the global Gems and Jewellery market
• Exports of over $15.5 billion; over 18% of India’s exports
• India is the largest consumer of gold jewellery in the world
• Accounts for about 20% of world consumption
• India is the largest diamond cutting and polishing centre in the world
• 60% value share, 85% volume share and 92% share of the world market by
number of pieces
• Third largest consumer of polished diamonds after USA and Japan
STRUCTURE
• The Indian Gems & Jewellery industry is highly fragmented with a large number of
domestic private sector companies
• A large portion of the market is in the unorganised sector
• India is gaining prominence as an international sourcing destination for high quality
designer jewellery
• Walmart, JC Penney etc. procure jewellery from India
POLICY
• 100% FDI is permitted in the Gems & Jewellery sector through the automatic
route
• SEZs and Gems and Jewellery Parks have been set up to promote investments in
the sector
Estimated export
revenues of upto
US$ 10-15 billion
in 5 years
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• India is the fastest-growing jewellery market in the world
• Branded jewellery likely to be the fastest-growing segment in
domestic sales
* Expected to grow at 40% p.a. to $2.2 billion by 2010
• Exports expected to grow from $15.5 billion in 2005 to over
$25 billion by 2010
POTENTIAL
• India has several well recognised strengths which have made it a
significant force in the global Gems and Jewellery business
• Highly skilled, yet low-cost labour
• Established manufacturing excellence in jewellery and diamond
polishing
• India is the most technologically advanced diamond cutting centre
in the world
• Opportunity to address one of the world’s largest and fastest-growing
Gems and Jewellery markets
• Opportunity to leverage India’s strengths to address the global market
India is the diamond polishing capital of the world
India is one of the largest exporters of gems and jewellery
For additional information: Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (http://www.gjepc.org/gjepc)
Source: Statistical Outline
of India, 2004-05, TSMG
Estimates
Indian Gems and
Jewellery Exports
(US$ billion)
OVERVIEW
74
MANUFACTURING
FOOD &
AGRO PRODUCTS
Opportunities
SIZE
• India consumes about $200 billion worth of food products p.a.; 53% of this is
processed food – mostly primary processing
• India has a huge output of agricultural produce, with the 2nd largest arable land
area in the world
• The largest producer of milk, pulses, sugarcane and tea in the world
• The 2nd largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables in the world
• Primary food processing (packaged fruit and vegetables, milk, milled flour and
rice, tea, spices, etc.) constitutes around 60% of processed foods
• Processing of perishables is only about 6% of the total output
• Only 2% of fruits and vegetables is processed compared to up to 80% in many
developing countries
STRUCTURE
• The Indian food processing industry has limited private sector participation and
few plants with scale economies
• Some co-operatives, such as the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation
in milk with its Amul brand of dairy products, have transformed certain subsectors.
• Major international companies such as Nestle, Cargill, Unilever, PepsiCo and
Cadbury are already present in India
POLICY
• 100% FDI is permitted under the automatic route for the Agro-processing industry
• The policy framework is being made more investment friendly with several steps
taken and more underway, such as:
• De-licensing, establishment of food parks and exemption from Excise Duty
• Establishment of quality standards and a regulatory authority
• Plans to permit contract farming and amend Acts that restrict marketing of
agricultural produce to specified market yards (Agricultural Produce Marketing
Committee Act or APMC Act)
• Proposed enactment of a Unified Food Law
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
over US$ 20
billion by 2015
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• The domestic processed-food market is expected to triple in the next
10 years from about $100 billion in FY 04 to $310 billion in FY 15
• India aims to increase its share of world trade in this sector from 1.7%
currently ($7.5 billion) to 3% by 2015 ($20 billion)
POTENTIAL
• Factors that are likely to fuel rapid growth in demand for processed
food are:
• Changing lifestyles and growth in disposable income
• Rising double-income families and proportion of women in the
workforce
• Decreasing prices of processed foods, making them more affordable
thereby accessing a much larger market
• Rapid growth in organised retail (> 20% p.a.) with a variety of retail
formats being developed
• Estimated investment of about $22 billion in the next 10 years
• Major investment opportunities lie in processing milk, sugar, fruit,
vegetables and marine products
• An estimated 30% of new capacity could be for the export market
Agro-based industries are growing rapidly in India
Food processing is set to grow at over 10% p.a.
Item 2004 2010 E 2015 E
Fruit and Vegetables 1 4 8
Dairy 15 20 30
Marine Products 11 15 20
Meat 21 28 35
Poultry 6 10 15
Source: Ministry of Food Processing - Draft Vision Document
Indian Food Processing
Market Growth
($ billion - 2003-04 prices)
For additional information: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (http://fcamin.nic.in)
Source: Ministry of Food
Processing - Draft Vision
Document
Targets for Processed Food (% of total production)
Manufacturing
at a glance
Graphical representation,
not to scale
Gurgaon is home to Maruti Udyog Ltd.,
India’s largest car manufacturer
Chennai is called the Detroit of India -
Ford and Hyundai have plants in Chennai
Surat is the diamond cutting and
polishing capital of the world
Jamshedpur is home to Tata Steel,
one of the world’s lowest-cost steel plants,
and India’s oldest
Reliance in Jamnagar has one of the largest
petroleum refineries in the world
Ludhiana, called the Manchester of India,
produces 95% of India's woollen knitwear

• Coal
• Metals & Mining
Resources
Coal
• Metal Ores
• Oil & Gas Exploration
Natural
Resources
OVERVIEW
80
NATURAL RESOURCES
COAL
Opportunities
SIZE
• Coal is the backbone of the Indian energy sector
• 78% of the coal mined is used in electrical power generation
• Source for about 58% of the electricity generated
• India has large coal reserves estimated at 248 billion tonnes, (93 billion tonnes
are proven reserves)
• Fourth largest proven coal reserves in the world
• Third largest coal producer in the world–production of 360 million metric
tonnes p.a.
• The Ministry of Coal has identified 143 blocks with about 11% of the total coal
reserves for captive use (i.e. power generation, steel plants) - 80 blocks have
already been allocated/are in the process of being allocated
STRUCTURE
• Coal Mining is predominantly a public sector activity - Coal India Ltd. (CIL) accounts
for 85% of total coal production
• Limited private sector participation; primarily captive mines for steel plants (such
as Tata Steel) or for power generation
POLICY
• Private sector participation is currently restricted to captive coal mines or coal
processing for captive mines.
• Merchant sale of coal is not permitted, all sales are through CIL.
• FDI is permitted in the Coal sector (captive mines) with no FIPB approval required
for foreign equity less than 50%. Higher FDI is allowed with FIPB approval and
depending on end-use
• Coal and lignite mining for captive consumption for power generation (100%),
steel and cement (74%)
• Coal processing - coal washing and sizing (100%)
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 30-40 billion
in 10 years
Name of Company Production
2004 (MMT)
CIL (Public Sector) 306
SCCL (Public Sector) 34
Others 21
Total 361
Note: Excludes NLC production of lignite
Coal Reserves
in India
Not to scale
Source: Ministry of Coal, Vision Coal-2025
Major players in coal mining
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• Demand for coal expected to increase to 800 MMT p.a. by 2012
• Current shortage of coal is expected to increase to over 50 MMT
p.a. by 2007
POTENTIAL
• Availability of large reserves suitable for thermal power generation could
be used for power plants and metal manufacturing
• The Coal sector is expected to grow rapidly, driven by increasing gap
between power supply and demand due to rapid economic growth
• Current peak power demand shortage is about 12%
• Need for improved technology, higher production and better productivity
at existing mines
• US$ 30-40 billion investment opportunity over the next 10 years to:
• Explore and develop new coal mines
• Manufacture and sell state-of-the-art mining equipment and
technology
• Create related infrastructure for off-take of mined coal
Source: Vision Coal - 2025
For additional information: Ministry of Coal (http://coal.nic.in), Coal India Ltd. (http://www.coalindia.nic.in)
India has the 4th largest coal reserves in the world
Coal Demand
Projection
(million tonnes)
India is focusing on setting up infrastructure for offtake of mined coal
OVERVIEW
82
NATURAL RESOURCES
METAL ORES
Opportunities
SIZE
• India is rich in mineral resources with large reserves of several primary metal
ores like iron ore, bauxite, chromium, manganese and titanium
• India has
• 13 billion tonnes of iron ore reserves - the 5th largest reserve base in
the world
• 2.3 billion tonnes of bauxite reserves - the 4th largest reserve base in
the world
• 160 million tonnes of manganese reserves – the 2nd largest reserve base in
the world
• 57 million tonnes of chromium reserves – the 3rd largest reserve base in
the world
• Indian deposits of bauxite and iron ore are among the best in the world in terms
of quality and mineability
STRUCTURE
• Mining has a large presence of public sector companies which account for over
80% of the total value of minerals produced
• Large integrated players with interests from mining to metallurgy and processing
like SAIL and Tata Steel in steel and Hindalco and Nalco in aluminium, dominate
the metal and mining industry
• While SAIL, Nalco, National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) and
Hindustan Copper are the largest public sector companies; Tata Steel, Hindalco
and Sterlite are the major companies in the private sector
• Sesa Goa (a subsidiary of Mitsui) is one of the largest companies in mining and
export of iron ore
• Orissa, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh are the most mineral-rich states of India
• Orissa has over 50% of India’s bauxite reserves and over 20% of India’s reserves
of iron ore
POLICY
• 100% FDI is allowed under the automatic route for mining of metal ores
• Government keen to encourage investments for value added metal manufacturing
Source: USGS, Indian Bureau of Mines, McKinsey & Co
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 10-15 billion in
five years
Mineral Production World
2005(MMT) Rank
Bauxite 11.5 6
Chromite 3.3 3
Iron ore 140 4
Manganese ore 2.0 7
Mineral production in India
Source: Indian Bureau of Mines
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• Indian mineral production is expected to grow rapidly in the coming
years – driven by growth in metal manufacturing
• Iron ore production is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10 - 12% over
the next five years, in step with rapid growth in the steel industry
• Bauxite production is expected to double to over 23 million tonnes
by 2010
• High growth expected in the consumption of manganese and chromium
POTENTIAL
• India has several advantages, making it an attractive destination for
mining and value addition
• Large quantity of high-quality reserves
• Low labour and conversion costs
* India is among the lowest cost producers of Steel and Alumina
• Large and growing domestic demand
• Strategic location: proximity to the developed European markets
and the fast-developing Asian markets for export of Steel, Aluminium
• India presents substantial mining opportunities across all metal ores
• Estimated 82 billion tonnes of reserves of various metals yet to
be tapped
• Large scope for investments in mining of Iron ore and Bauxite
• While India has 7.5% of the world’s total bauxite deposits, aluminium
production capacity is only 3% of world capacity, indicating the scope
and need for new capacities
• Large integrated international metal manufacturers including POSCO,
Mittal Steel and Alcan have announced plans for expansion in India
India is rich in mineral resources with large reserves of several primary metals
India is an attractive destination for metal-making
For additional information: Ministry of Mines (http://mines.nic.in)
OVERVIEW
84
Not to scale
NATURAL RESOURCES
OIL & GAS
EXPLORATION
Opportunities
SIZE
• Oil & Gas provides for 35% of India’s energy requirements
• It is a critical input for downstream industries like petrochemicals, fertilisers
and energy
• Crude oil demand is currently about 116 MMT while the domestic production of
crude is 33.4 MMT
• Crude oil imports increased by 7% p.a. during the last 3 years
• Natural gas demand is about 150 MMSCMD (2004) while the domestic supply is
only 81 MMSCMD
• Several major gas finds have taken place in India in the last few years
STRUCTURE
• Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) and Oil India Limited (OIL), both public
sector companies, are the largest with about 83% share of the total domestic oil
and gas production
• The Exploration and Production (E&P) sector is witnessing increasing private sector
participation: both domestic & foreign
• In the last four years, private sector/JV companies have made 32 significant
hydrocarbon discoveries
• The world’s largest gas discovery in 2002 (about 5 trillion cubic metres) was
made by Reliance Industries Ltd.
• International E&P companies like Hardy Oil & Gas, Niko Resources and Cairn
Energy are already present in India
POLICY
• 100% FDI is allowed in the exploration of Crude Oil and Natural Gas through the
automatic route
• The New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) is in place (since 1998) to facilitate
Private sector participation in Oil and Gas exploration
• Over 108 oil blocks have been awarded since 1999 via 5 rounds of global
competitive bidding under the NELP programme
• A Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Policy has been formulated which provides for
attractive fiscal and contract terms for the exploration of CBM blocks
• Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Bill to be enacted shortly - will
result in the setting up of an Independent Regulator for Oil & Gas
Source: Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, BP
Statistical Review of World Energy
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 7-8 billion
by 2010
Sedimentary
Basins in India
OPPORTUNITY
OUTLOOK
• Crude Oil demand is projected to increase to about 190 MMT by 2012
• Rising global Crude Oil prices have triggered increased E&P focus
to expand domestic production
• Gas demand is expected to reach 330 MMSCMD by 2012
• A CAGR of 10% for the next seven years
• Increased use of gas for power generation, petrochemicals, fertilisers
and city gas distribution will drive demand growth
POTENTIAL
• Growing demand supply mismatch provides ample opportunities
for investment
• Exploration and production of Crude Oil, Gas and CBM
• The Government is actively promoting the creation of Strategic Oil &
Gas reserves through partnerships with the private sector
• 32% of the Indian sedimentary area is unexplored – discovery of
oil fields by investors such as Cairn Energy and ‘giant’ gas fields by
Reliance, ONGC, etc. indicate a large potential for profitable investment
in exploration
• Investment need of $7 - 8 billion in exploration and production by 2010
For additional information: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (http://petroleum.nic.in)
Several major gas finds have taken place in India in the last few years
Source: Parliamentary sub-group on refining, marketing, transportation and infrastructure requirements.
Demand Supply Mismatch – Crude Oil
MMTPA
Demand Supply Mismatch – Natural Gas
MMSCMD
Resources
at a glance
Graphical representation,
not to scale
Jharkhand and Orissa account for over 50%
of India’s reserves of iron ore
POSCO plans to set up an
integrated steel plant in Orissa with
a total investment of $12 billion
India has one of the finest quality of
bauxite and iron ore deposits in the world
Bombay High accounts for
over one-third of India’s crude oil output
Krishna-Godavari Basin had the world’s
largest gas find of 2002

• Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology
• Healthcare
• IT & IT Enabled Services
Knowledge
Economy
OVERVIEW
90
KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
PHARMACEUTICALS
& BIOTECHNOLOGY
Opportunities
SIZE
• The Indian Pharmaceutical industry is about $8.8 billion (2004 revenues)
constituting 1.3% of the GDP
• The domestic market is about $4.8 billion
• India occupies a significant position in the world Pharma market – especially in
generics
• 8% by volume (4th largest in the world) and 1.5% by value (13th largest)
• Export of generics accounts for 38% of the Pharma sector revenues
• India has a low per capita annual spend of $5 on Pharma products: ranks 67th in
the world
• India has a nascent but rapidly growing Biotech industry – $750 million in revenues
in 2003-04
• 1.5% share of the global Biotech market
STRUCTURE
• The Pharmaceutical industry in India is fragmented with over 3,000 small/medium
sized generic pharma manufacturers
• International pharmaceutical majors like Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, Glaxo
SmithKline and Novartis have an established presence in India
• The Biotech Industry is seeing the emergence of several domestic private players
with world-class capabilities
• International majors like Monsanto, Syngenta and Aventis are already in India
and are focusing on the Bio-Agriculture segment
POLICY
• FDI up to 100% is permitted through the automatic route for the manufacture of
drugs and pharmaceuticals provided the activity does not attract compulsory
licensing or involve the use of recombinant DNA technology and specific cell/
tissue targeted formulations
• Patent (Amendment) Act enacted in April 2005: Introduces product patent regime
for food, chemical and pharmaceutical products– TRIPs compliant
• Consolidation likely in the fragmented Pharma industry due to recent legislation
and policy updates
• Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) outlined in Schedule M to the Drugs
and Cosmetics Rules revised
• Manufacturing units are required to comply with the WHO and international
standards of production
Value Chain Presence
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of US$ 7
billion in 5 years
Source: Capitaline Database, Company web-site
1 Revenues in India, consolidated
Major players and presence in value chain
Company Revenues1
(FY 05, $ million) R & D Manufacturing Marketing
Domestic Private Players
Ranbaxy 1,333 ✓ ✓ ✓
Cipla 548 ✓ ✓ ✓
Dr. Reddy’s 441 ✓ ✓ ✓
International Private Players (CY 04)
Glaxo SmithKline India 354 ✓ ✓ ✓
Aventis - India 183 ✓ ✓
Pfizer - India 146 ✓ ✓ ✓
OPPORTUNITY
Pharma Industry is growing at over 20% p.a.
India is emerging as a hub for biotech research
OUTLOOK
• The Indian Pharmaceutical industry (including exports) is expected to
grow at 23% p.a. till 2010
• The domestic market expected to double in the next 5 years to over
$10 billion
• The Biotech industry is projected to grow at a CAGR of 39%; India
expected to have a significant share of the global market
POTENTIAL
• India is an attractive global sourcing destination for Pharmaceuticals:
• Availability of low-cost, high-quality production and regulatory
compliance
• Large and growing US FDA approved plant capacity
• Synthetic Chemistry talent for early stage compound development
• Low cost of research and world-class testing facilities
* Cost of a research scientist in India is only about 1/6th to
1/4th of that in USA
• Major opportunities in Pharmaceuticals are in the following areas:
• Marketing of Patented Drugs
• Contract Research and Manufacturing (CRAM)
• IT enabled services including clinical/market data analysis
• Clinical Trials: Revenues to grow from $70 million (2002) to
$1-1.5 billion by 2010 driven by a 60% cost advantage and large
gene pool for trials
• Major opportunities in Biotechnology are in the areas of Bio-informatics,
Bio-pharma, Bio-agri and Bio-services
• Many international biotech companies like Chiron Corp, GSK and Sigma
Aldrich Corp have expressed interest especially in Bio-manufacturing
Indian Pharma
Industry:
Domestic + Exports
($ billion)
Indian Biotech
Industry:
Domestic + Exports
($ billion)
Source: BioSpectrum
For additional information: Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Petrochemicals (http://www.nic.in/cpc), Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers
of India, Indian Drugs Manufacturers Association (http://www.indiaoppi.com, http://www.idma-assn.org), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology
(http://dbtindia.nic.in), All India Biotech Association (http://www.aibaonline.com)
Source: OPPI
OVERVIEW
92
KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
HEALTHCARE
Opportunities
SIZE
• Healthcare delivery is one of the largest service-sector industries in India
• Estimated revenue of about $30 billion (FY 2005) constituting 5% of the GDP
• Industry growth at over 12% p.a. in the past four years
• Large domestic market complemented by the inflow of medical tourists
• Medical tourists have increased ten-fold from 10,000 in 2000-01 to about
100,000 in 2004-05
STRUCTURE
• The industry is fragmented with a large number of independent, privately-run
hospital and healthcare centres
• Private healthcare providers account for 63% of the total spend
• Government sector and corporate employers account for the rest
• Modest presence of private sector corporate entities like Apollo Hospitals, Escorts
Group and Fortis Healthcare
• Indian hospitals are gaining reputation globally as ‘quality’ service providers
• Many Indian hospitals have secured accreditation from the British Standards
Institute and Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organisations
• NHS, UK has indicated India as a preferred destination for surgery
POLICY
• 100% FDI is permitted for all health related services under the automatic route
• Infrastructure status accorded to hospitals:
• Lower tariffs and higher depreciation on medical equipment
• Income-tax exemption for five years to hospitals in rural areas
Player Revenues ($ million) Number of Hospitals Beds
Apollo Hospitals 151 (2005) 35 6,400
The Escorts Group NA 10 1,1701
Fortis Healthcare NA 4 600
Note: 1. Includes associated hospitals
Source: Company websites, Capitaline Database
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 25 billion
in 5 years
Top Private Healthcare Providers in India
OPPORTUNITY
World-class healthcare facilities are available in India
OUTLOOK
• The industry is expected to grow at 15% p.a. to $60 billion by 2010
• Medical tourism is expected to become a $2 billion industry by 2010
• Significant growth in healthcare BPO: Expected to become a $4.5 billion
industry by 2008
POTENTIAL
• High growth domestic market arising from:
• Increasing health awareness: Share in total private consumption
expenditure has increased from 3.5% (1993-94) to 5.3% (2000-01).
* Expected to increase further
• Increasing penetration of Health insurance
• Rapid growth in private sector companies owning and managing
hospitals
• High growth in medical tourism
• Cost of advanced surgeries in India is about 10% of that in USA
• Opportunities exist in multiple segments along the value chain
• Service Providers: Curative and preventive in primary, secondary
and tertiary care
• Diagnostics Services: Imaging and pathology labs
• Infrastructure: Hospitals, Diagnostic centres
• Health Insurance: Only 30-40 million Indians have Health Insurance;
expected to rise to 160 million by 2010.
* 100% growth in Health Insurance in the last two years
• Healthcare BPO: Medical billing, disease coding, forms processing
and claims adjudication
• Training: Large opportunity for training doctors, managers, nurses
and technicians
• Investment opportunity of over $25 billion in the next 5 years
Source: IBEF, Indian Healthcare Foundation, India Country Commercial
Guide 2002
Healthcare
Industry
($ billion)
For additional information: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (http://mohfw.nic.in), Indian Medical Association (http://www.imanational.com)
Healthcare delivery is one of the largest service sector industry in India
Source: CII
OVERVIEW
94
KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
IT & IT ENABLED
SERVICES
Opportunities
SIZE
• India is the leading destination for providing IT and IT Enabled Services (ITeS),
with revenues of $28.2 billion in 2004-05, of which:
• IT Services and Software constituted 59%, IT Hardware about 21% and ITeS
about 20%
• India had 33% of the $40 billion global market for off-shored IT & ITeS in 2004
STRUCTURE
• The industry has three broad categories of companies:
• Indian IT and ITeS companies – ranging from large companies (Tata
Consultancy Services, Infosys, Wipro, HCL) to small niche companies
• Global IT companies such as IBM, Dell, Microsoft, HP, etc. all of whom have
set up development centres in India
• Captive back office operations of large global corporations like JP Morgan,
American Express, GE, Citigroup, HSBC, British Airways, etc.
• Indian companies account for over 69% of the industry revenues. International
companies account for the rest
• About 45% of Fortune 500 corporations source software from India
POLICY
• 100% FDI is permitted in this sector under the automatic route
• SEZs, EOUs and Software Technology Parks have been set up across India –
income tax exemptions are available for units in these designated areas/zones
• IT Act, 2000 legalises the acceptance of electronic records and digital signatures
providing a legal backbone to e-commerce
Total estimated
investment
opportunity of
US$ 3-4 billion
in 5 years
IT/ITES Revenues
($ billion)
Source: NASSCOM,
Ministry of Information
Technology
Revenues1 ($ million) IT BPO
Domestic Private Companies
Tata Consultancy Services 2,239 (FY 05) ✓ ✓
Wipro Technologies 1,884 (FY 05) ✓ ✓
Infosys Technologies 1,659 (FY 05) ✓ ✓
HCL 691 (FY 04) ✓ ✓
International Private Companies
GE 152,866 (FY 04) ✓
IBM 96,293 (FY 04) ✓ ✓
Dell 49,205 (FY 04) ✓ ✓
Microsoft 36,835 (FY 04) ✓
American Express 29,115 (FY 04) ✓
Major IT & ITeS Companies in India
1 Global Revenues, Consolidated Source: Capitaline, Fortune
OPPORTUNITY
ITES is set to grow five-fold over the next 5 years.
World leaders in IT have a significant presence in India.
OUTLOOK
• The Indian IT and ITeS industry is expected to grow to $148 billion
by 2012
• Over 25% p.a. CAGR expected over the next seven years
• India aims to achieve a 50% share in the global off-shored IT and BPO
services by 2008
POTENTIAL
• India’s inherent IT capabilities – talented and low cost workforce and
world-class companies
• Increasing availability of technically-skilled and English-speaking
labour force at costs significantly lower than in USA and Europe
• Quality orientation, project and process management expertise
• Recognition of India’s strengths internationally
• Increasing awareness among global companies about India’s
capabilities in higher, value added activities and in the Global Delivery
Model
• Leading international companies have identified custom application
development and maintenance as priority areas due to high offshoreable
component
• High growth of domestic IT & ITeS market due to several regulatory and
technological factors:
• Initiatives to reduce software piracy and increase in PC adoption,
usage and penetration
• Measures to increase affordability of PCs
• Opportunity to supply to the global market in addition to serving the
growing domestic demand
IT/ITeS Industry
($ billion)
Source: NASSCOM,
Ministry of Information
Technology
For additional information: Ministry of Information Technology and Communications (http://www.mit.gov.in), National Association of Software and Services Companies
(http://www.nasscom.org)
Knowledge Economy
at a glance
Graphical representation,
not to scale
Global Pharma majors Pfizer, Novartis and
Johnson & Johnson are based in Mumbai
Bangalore is regarded as the
software capital of India
Microsoft’s second Product
Development Centre outside
the USA is in Hyderabad
Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, India’s third
largest pharma company, has
manufacturing facilities in Hyderabad
Gurgaon is home to several large BPO
organisations including those of GE and
American Express

Policies
and laws
100
Policies and laws
FDI POLICY OVERVIEW
India has one of the most transparent and liberal Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) regimes among emerging and developing
economies. Differential treatment is limited to a few entry rules, predominantly in some Services sectors, spelling out the
proportion of equity that the foreign investor can hold in an India-registered company or business–termed sector caps.
Foreign corporate and individual investment in India, termed collectively as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) when it relates
to control or ownership of a company in India, takes one of two routes:
Automatic route or Automatic Approval:
This requires no prior approval for FDI. Post-facto filing of data relating to the investment made with the Reserve Bank of
India (RBI) are for record and data purposes. This route is available to all sectors or activities that do not have a “sector cap”
i.e. where 100% foreign ownership is permitted, or for investments that are within a sector cap (e.g. less than or equal to
26% share of an Insurance company) and where the Automatic route is allowed.
FIPB Approval – the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) approves investment proposals:
• where the proposed shareholding is above the prescribed sector caps, or
• where the activity belongs to that small list of sectors where FDI is either not allowed or where it is mandatory that
proposals be routed through the FIPB (sectors that require industrial licensing, for example)
The FIPB ensures a single-window approval for the investment and acts as a screening agency (for sensitive/ negative list
sectors). FIPB approvals (or rejections) are normally received in 30 days. Some foreign investors use the FIPB application
route where there may be absence of stated policy or lack of policy clarity.
An outline of the broad policies for groups of sectors is provided below:
MANUFACTURING:
• Most Manufacturing sectors are on the 100% automatic route. Foreign equity is limited only in production of defence
equipment (26%) and 6 specific industries where an Industrial License (IL) is mandatory1 .
• Most mining sectors are similarly on the 100% automatic route, with foreign equity limits only on atomic minerals (74%),
coal & lignite (74%) and diamonds and precious stones (74%).
1 IL is required for * distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks * tobacco cigars, cigarettes and substitutes * electronic aerospace
and defence equipment * industrial explosives * hazardous chemicals * drugs and pharmaceuticals
• 100% equity is also allowed in non-crop agro-allied sectors (agro-processing) and crop agriculture under controlled
conditions (e.g. hot houses).
INFRASTRUCTURE
100% FDI under the Automatic route is allowed for most infrastructure sectors - highways and roads, ports, inland waterways
and transport, and urban infrastructure. Select Infrastructure sectors have defined caps for example, Telecom Services
has a sector cap of 49%; Airports (74%); Airlines (49%, investment from airlines companies is not allowed).
SERVICES
100% FDI under the Automatic route is permitted for many Service sectors such as real estate construction, townships
1
,
resorts, hotels and tourism (including tour operators and travel agencies, serviced apartments, convention and exhibition
centres), films, IT and IT enabled services, ISP/email/voice mail services, business services and consultancy, renting and
leasing, Venture Capital Funds/Companies (VCFs/VCCs), medical/health services, education, advertising and wholesale
trade and courier services.
The financial intermediation sector has sector caps. So do a few other services like professional services (51%). Certain
Service sectors are being opened up in a phased manner to allow domestic companies to prepare for global competition.
In both Banking and Insurance, foreign investment is permitted subject to specific caps or entry conditions. FDI in Media is
permitted with varying sector caps. Retail trade is currently closed for FDI, though 100% FDI is permitted in Wholesale cash
and carry. Legal services are currently not open to foreign investment.
Restricted List of Sectors
Sectors where FDI is not permitted are restricted to Railways, Atomic Energy and Atomic Minerals, Postal Service, Gambling
and Betting, Lottery and basic Agriculture or plantations*.
Subject to these foreign equity conditions, a foreign company can set up a registered company in India and operate under
the same laws, rules and regulations as any India-owned company.
India extends National Treatment to foreign investors with absolutely no discrimination against foreign invested companies
registered in India or in favour of domestic ones.
* However, FDI is allowed in Tea Plantations, Floriculture, Horticulture, development of seeds, Animal Husbandry, Pisciculture and
Cultivation of Vegetables, Mushrooms etc. under controlled conditions and allowed in services related to agro and allied sectors.
1 Subject to minimum scale norms of 25 acres or 50,000 sq. metres of constructed area.
102
Sector Caps and Entry Route
Policies and laws
A. Infrastructure
Sector Ownership Limit Entry Route Remarks
Power 100% Automatic Includes generation (except nuclear power where FDI is
prohibited), transmission and distribution of power
Telecom
Basic, cellular and value-added services 74% Subject to licensing and security requirements; FDI cap of
74% for global mobile personal communications by satellite
ISP with gateways 74% FIPB beyond 49%
ISP without gateways 100% FIPB beyond 49%
Email, Voice mail 100% FIPB beyond 49%
Radio Paging 74% FIPB beyond 49%
End-to-End Bandwidth 74% FIPB beyond 49%
Infrastructure Providers providing Dark Fibre 100% FIPB beyond 49%
Telecom Manufacturing 100% Automatic
Roads 100% Automatic Includes construction and maintenance of roads, highways,
bridges and tunnels
Ports 100% Automatic Applies to construction and maintenance of ports
Civil Aviation
Airports 100% FIPB beyond 74%
Domestic Airlines 49% Automatic Subject to no direct or indirect equity participation by
foreign airlines. FDI up to 100% allowed for NRIs
Petroleum & Natural Gas
Petroleum refining 100% Automatic
Petroleum product pipelines 100% Automatic
Petroleum product marketing 100% Automatic Subject to minimum investment of $450 million in
exploration and production or refining or pipelines or
terminals
Petroleum refining-PSUs 26% FIPB
Others
Mass Rapid Transport System 100% Automatic Includes associated real estate development in all
metropolitan cities
EOU/ SEZ/ Industrial park construction 49% FIPB
Satellite establishment and operation 74% FIPB
Subject to licensing and security requirements; FDI cap of
74% for global mobile personal communications by satellite
B. Services
Banking
Indian Private Banks 74% Automatic Foreign banks can take an equity stake of more than 5%
(up to 74%) only in the private sector banks which have
been identified by the RBI for restructuring
PSU Banks 20% Subject to compliance with RBI guidelines
NBFCs 100% Automatic Includes 19 specified activities; Subject to minimum
capitalisation norms and compliance with RBI guidelines
Insurance 26% Automatic Includes both Life and Non-Life Insurance; Subject to
licence from Insurance Regulatory & Development
Authority
Real estate and construction
Townships 100% Automatic Subject to minimum land area of 10 hectare for serviced
housing plot and built-up area of 50,000 sq. mts for
construction development projects. Also minimum
capitalisation and completion norms
Housing 100% Automatic
Construction – Development Projects 100% Automatic
Build-up Infrastructure 100% Automatic
Trading
Retail Trade Not Permitted —
Trading (Export House, Super Trading House,
Star Trading House) 51% Automatic
Trading (Export, Cash and Carry Wholesale) 100% FIPB
Tourism
Hotels, restaurants, beach resorts 100% Automatic Includes facilities for providing accommodation and food
services
Tour and travel agencies 100% Automatic
Broadcasting
TV software production 100% Subject to maximum foreign equity up to 49% including
FDI/NRI/FII
Sector Ownership Limit Entry Route Remarks
Subject to minimum land area of 10 hectare for serviced
housing plot and built-up area of 50,000 sq. mts. for
construction development projects. Also minimum
capitalisation and completion norms
104
Policies and laws
Hardware facilities - (Uplinking, HUB, etc.) 49% Subject to maximum foreign equity up to 49% including
FDI/NRI/FII; FDI in news and current affairs channels
which uplink from India is capped at 26%
Cable network 49% Subject to maximum foreign equity up to 49% including
FDI/NRI/FII
DTH 20% Subject to maximum foreign equity upto 49% including FDI/
NRI/FII. FDI not to exceed 20%
Terrestrial Broadcast FM 20% Subject to licensee being a company registered in India
under the Companies Act, 1956
Terrestrial TV Broadcast Not Permitted
Print Media
Scientific/Technical journals 100%
Other non-news/ non-current affairs/
specialty publications 74%
Newspapers, Periodicals dealing with
news and current affairs 26%
Other Services
Advertising and Film 100% Automatic Includes all film related activities
Courier services 100% FIPB Includes all postal services except the distribution of letters
Lottery, Betting and Gambling Not Permitted —
Defence and Strategic Industries 26% FIPB Subject to security and licensing requirement; to be sold
primarily to the Ministry of Defence
R&D activities 100% Automatic
B. Services
Sector Ownership Limit Entry Route Remarks
C. Manufacturing
Metals 100% Automatic Includes manufacture of Steel, Aluminium etc.
Textiles and Garments 100% Automatic
Electronics Hardware 100% Automatic
Chemicals and Plastics 100% Automatic Includes plastics
Automobiles 100% Automatic Includes Two -wheelers, Cars and Commercial Vehicles
Auto Components 100% Automatic
Gems and Jewellery 100% Automatic
Food and Agro Products
Food Processing 100% Automatic
Agriculture (including contract farming) Not Permitted -
Plantations (except Tea) Not Permitted -
Other Manufacturing
Items reserved for Small Scale 24% Automatic 100% FDI permitted through FIPB route subject to
undertaking of export obligation of 50%
D. Resources Based Sectors
Coal and Lignite
Coal Processing 100% Automatic up to 50%
Captive Coal mining for Power 100% Automatic up to 50%
Captive Coal mines — non-power 74% Automatic up to 50%
Other Mining and Quarrying
Mineral Ores 100% Automatic Including Gold, Silver and other mineral ores
Diamonds and precious stones 74% Automatic
Atomic Minerals 74% FIPB Includes only mining, mineral separation and subsequent
value addition
Oil and Natural Gas Exploration 100% Automatic
Sector Ownership Limit Entry Route Remarks
Sector Ownership Limit Entry Route Remarks
106
Policies and laws
E. Knowledge Economy
Pharma and Biotech 100% Automatic FIPB route is needed if industrial licence is required or
involves recombinant DNA technology, cell/tissue
formulations
Healthcare 100% Automatic
Information Technology 100% Automatic
Sector Ownership Limit Entry Route Remarks
ENTRY OPTIONS FOR FOREIGN INVESTORS
A foreign company planning to set up business operations in India has the following options:
• Incorporate a company under the Companies Act, 1956 through
• Joint Venture or
• Wholly owned Subsidiary
Foreign equity in such Indian companies can be up to 100% depending on the requirements of the investor, subject to
equity caps in respect of the sector/area of activities under the FDI policy.
• Enter as a Foreign Company through:
• Liaison Office/Representative Office
• Project Office
• Branch Office
Such offices can undertake activities permitted under the Foreign Exchange Management Regulations, 2000 (Establishment
in India of branch or office of other place of business).
INCORPORATION OF A COMPANY
For registration and incorporation, an application has to be filed with the Registrar of Companies (ROC). Once a company
has been registered and incorporated as an Indian company, it is subject to Indian laws and regulations as applicable to
other domestic Indian companies.
For additional information: Ministry of Company Affairs, website: http://dca.nic.in
LIAISON OFFICE/REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE
The role of the liaison office is limited to collecting information about possible market opportunities and providing information
about the company and its products to prospective Indian customers. It can promote export/import from/to India and also
facilitate technical/financial collaboration between the parent company and companies in India. A liaison office cannot,
however, undertake any commercial activity directly or indirectly and cannot, therefore, earn any income in India. Grant of
approval for the establishment of a liaison office in India is by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
108
Policies and laws
PROJECT OFFICE
Foreign companies planning to execute specific projects in India can set up temporary project/site offices in India. The RBI
has now granted general permission to foreign entities to establish project offices subject to specified conditions. Such
offices cannot undertake or carry on any activity other than relating and incidental to the execution of the projects. Project
offices may remit the surplus of the project on completion outside India, a general permission for which has been granted
by the RBI.
BRANCH OFFICE
Foreign companies engaged in manufacturing and trading activities abroad are allowed to set up Branch Offices in India for
the following purposes:
i. Export/Import of goods.
ii. Rendering professional or consultancy services.
iii. Carrying out research work, in which the parent company is engaged.
iv. Promoting technical or financial collaboration between Indian companies and parent or overseas group company.
v. Representing the parent company in India and acting as buying/selling agent in India.
vi. Rendering services in Information Technology and development of software in India.
vii. Rendering technical support to the products supplied by the parent/ group companies.
viii. Foreign airline/shipping company.
A branch office is not allowed to carry out manufacturing activities on its own but is permitted to subcontract these to an
Indian manufacturer. Branch offices established with the approval of the RBI may remit outside India the profit of the
branch net of applicable Indian taxes and subject to RBI guidelines. Grant of permission for setting up branch offices is
by RBI.
BRANCH OFFICE ON ‘STAND-ALONE BASIS’ IN SEZ
Such branch offices would be isolated and restricted to the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and no business activity/
transaction will be allowed outside the SEZ in India, which include branches/subsidiaries of their parent office in India.
No approval shall be necessary from the RBI for a company to establish a branch/unit in SEZs to undertake manufacturing
and service activities, subject to specified conditions.
Application for setting up Liaison/Project/Branch office may be submitted in form FNC 1 (available at RBI website at
www.rbi.org.in)
INVESTMENT IN A FIRM OR A PROPRIETARY CONCERN BY NRIs
A Non-Resident Indian (NRI) or a Person of Indian Origin (PIO) resident outside India may invest by way of contribution to
the capital of a firm or a proprietary concern in India on non-repatriation basis provided:
i. the amount is invested by inward remittance or out of specified account types (NRE/FCNR/NRO accounts) maintained
with an Authorised Dealer (AD).
ii. the firm or proprietary concern is not engaged in any agricultural/plantation or real estate business i.e. dealing in
land and immovable property with a view to earning profit or earning income therefrom.
iii. the amount invested shall not be eligible for repatriation outside India. NRIs/PIOs may invest in sole proprietorship
concerns/partnership firms with repatriation benefits with the approval of Government/RBI.
INVESTMENT IN A FIRM OR A PROPRIETARY CONCERN BY OTHER THAN NRIs
No person resident outside India other than NRI/PIO shall make any investment by way of contribution to the capital of a
firm or a proprietorship concern or any association of persons in India. The RBI may, on an application made to it, permit
a person resident outside India to make such an investment subject to such terms and conditions as may be considered
necessary.
INDUSTRIAL POLICY
The system of obtaining government approvals has been progressively liberalised over the 1990s, commencing with the
watershed changes in the industrial policy announced on 24 July, 1991. This abolished industrial licensing substantially,
announced measures for facilitating foreign investment and technology transfers and opened most areas which were
earlier reserved for the public sector. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 and the Statement on the Industrial Policy of
1991 provide the basic framework for the overall industrial policy of the Government.
110
Policies and laws
The requirement of obtaining an industrial license for manufacturing activities is now limited only to the following:
• Industries reserved for the public sector.
• Six industries of strategic, social or environmental concern. These are:
• Distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks
• Cigars and cigarettes of tobacco
• Electronics aerospace and defence equipment
• Industrial explosives
• Hazardous chemicals
• Drugs and pharmaceuticals
• Manufacture of items reserved for the small scale-sector (SSI Units) by non-small scale industrial units or by units
in which foreign equity is more than 24%. A list of items reserved for the small scale sector is available at
www.smallindustryindia.com
All other industries are exempt from licensing subject to certain locational restrictions in metropolitan areas. In the event,
locational restrictions are not adhered to, the unit is required to obtain an industrial license.
KEY ACTS GOVERNING FOREIGN INVESTMENT
FOREIGN EXCHANGE MANAGEMENT ACT, 1999 (FEMA)
FEMA provides for virtually full convertibility on capital and current account transactions for non-residents, while it subjects
residents to non-convertibility on capital account transactions only. Under FEMA, an Indian company with foreign equity
participation is treated at par with other locally incorporated companies. Accordingly, the exchange control laws and
regulations for residents apply to foreign-invested companies as well.
REPATRIATION
Repatriation of capital: Foreign capital invested in India is generally allowed to be repatriated along with capital appreciation,
if any, after the payment of taxes due on them, provided the investment was approved on a repatriation basis.
Repatriation of dividends and profits: Profits and dividends earned in India are repatriable after the payment of taxes due
on them. No permission of RBI is necessary for effecting remittance, subject to compliance with certain specified conditions.
ACQUISITION OF IMMOVABLE PROPERTY
Acquisition of immovable property by a Non-resident: A person resident outside India, who has been permitted by
RBI to establish a branch, or office, or place of business in India (excluding a Liaison Office), has general permission of RBI
to acquire immovable property in India, that is necessary for, or incidental to, the activity. However, in such cases, a
declaration, in prescribed form (IPI), is required to be filed with RBI, within 90 days of the acquisition of immovable
property.
Foreign nationals of non-Indian origin who have acquired immovable property in India with the specific approval of RBI
cannot transfer such property without prior permission from the RBI.
Acquisition of immovable property by NRI: An Indian citizen resident outside India (NRI) can acquire by way of purchase
any immovable property in India other than agricultural/plantation/farm house. He may transfer any immovable property
other than agricultural or plantation property or farm house to a person resident outside India who is a citizen of India or
to a person of Indian origin resident outside India or a person resident in India.
IMPORTANT LAWS GOVERNING BUSINESS
India has an exhaustive legal framework governing all aspects of business. Some of the important legislations include:
Arbitration and Reconciliation Act, 1996
Act relating to alternative in redressal of disputes amongst parties.
Central Excise Act, 1944
Act governing duty levied on manufacture.
Companies Act, 1956
Act governing all corporate bodies.
Competition Act, 2002
Act to ensure free and fair competition in the market.
Consumer Protection Act, 1986
Act relating to the protection of consumers from unscrupulous traders/manufacturers.
112
Policies and laws
Customs Act, 1962
Act dealing with import regulations.
Customs Tariff (Amendment) Act, 2003
Act that has put in place a uniform commodity classification code based on globally adopted system of nomenclature for
use in all trade-related transactions.
Electricity Act, 2003
Act that regulates generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity and generally for taking measures
conducive to the development of the electricity industry, promotion of investment and competition, protection of the
interests of consumers and the assured supply of electricity to all areas.
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Act providing the framework for seeking environmental clearances.
Factories Act, 1948
Act regulating labour in factories.
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999
Act regulating foreign exchange transactions including foreign investment.
Income Tax Act, 1961
Act governing direct taxes on income of all persons, both corporate and non-corporate as well as residents and nonresidents.
Industrial Disputes Act and Workmen Compensation Act
Labour laws dealing with disputes.
Industries (Development & Regulation) Act, 1951
Act governing all industries.
Information Technology Act, 1999
Act governing e-commerce transactions.
Money Laundering Act
Act preventing money laundering and providing for confiscation of property derived from, or involved in, money laundering.
Patent (Amendments) Act, 2004
The Act amends the Patent Act, 1970 to extend the product patent protection to all fields of technology, including drugs,
foods and chemicals.
Sales Tax Act, 1948
Act governing the levy of tax on sales.
Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002
Act seeking to put in place securitisation and asset foreclosure laws creating a legal framework for the establishment of
Asset Reconstruction Companies.
The Special Economic Zones Act, 2005
Provides a long-term, stable policy framework and establishes a single-window clearance mechanism for the establishment,
development and management of SEZs and units operating in such zones. An SEZ is a specifically delineated duty-free
enclave and shall be deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations and duties and tariffs.
The major fiscal and economic incentives for SEZ units include 15-year income-tax exemption from the date of
commencement of operations, exemption of excise tax, sales tax and other levies on purchases from Domestic Tariff
Areas and access to cheaper global capital through Offshore Banking Units.
The Act allows 100% FDI through automatic approval route in most sectors.
INVESTMENT FACILITATION AGENCIES
FOREIGN INVESTMENT PROMOTION BOARD (FIPB)
The FIPB is a specially empowered board chaired by the Secretary, Ministry of Finance (MoF), set up specifically for
expediting the approval process for foreign investment proposals.
There are no prescribed application forms for applying to FIPB, except in the case of purely technical collaborations.
Proposals for FDI may be sent to the FIPB unit, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance or through any of
India’s diplomatic missions abroad. The Government has introduced a mailbox facility for accepting FDI proposals through
114
the Internet and providing an acknowledgement number for these, with the condition that a hard copy should be received
in original before the proposal is considered by the Government.
For more details, please visit the website at http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/fipb/fipb_index.htm
FOREIGN INVESTMENT IMPLEMENTATION AUTHORITY (FIIA)
Government of India has set up FIIA in the Ministry of Industry and Commerce to facilitate quick translation of FDI
approval and implementation and provide a proactive one-stop after-care service to foreign investors by helping them
obtain the necessary approvals, sort out operational problems and meet various Government agencies to find solutions to
problems and maximise opportunities through the partnership approach.
FIIA in accordance with its mandate assumes the following role:
• Understands and addresses concerns of investors
• Understands and addresses concerns of approving authorities
• Initiates multi-agency consultation
• Refers matters not resolved at the FIA level to higher levels on a quarterly basis, including cases of project slippage on
account of implementation bottlenecks
website: www.siadipp.nic.in/sia/fiia.htm
INVESTMENT COMMISSION (IC)
The three-member Investment Commission, set up in the Ministry of Finance in December 2004 by the Government of
India, has Mr. Ratan Tata as Chairman and Mr. Deepak Parekh and Dr. Ashok Ganguly as members. The Investment
Commission advises the Government of India on changes in policy and procedures that will enhance investment in India,
recommends projects and investment proposals that should be fast tracked/mentored and promotes India as an
investment destination.
Contact details: Mr. Ratan N. Tata, Chairman - Investment Commission, Bombay House, 24 Homi Mody Street, Mumbai-
400 001 Email: [email protected]
website: www.investmentcommission.in
Policies and laws
SECRETARIAT FOR INDUSTRIAL ASSISTANCE (SIA)
The SIA, functioning with the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, acts as
a gateway to industrial investment in India. It provides a single-window clearance for entrepreneurial assistance and
facilitates the processing of investors’ applications requiring Government approval.
website: http://dipp.gov.in
INDIA BRAND EQUITY FOUNDATION (IBEF)
IBEF collects, collates and disseminates comprehensive information on India. www.ibef.org has been developed as
a single-window resource for in-depth information and insight on India. IBEF also produces a wide range of well
researched publications focused on India’s economic and business advantages.
website: www.ibef.org

General
Information
118
MADHYA PRADESH
MAHARASHTRA
ANDHRA PRADESH
RAJASTHAN
GUJARAT
KARNATAKA
TAMILNADU
KERALA
ORISSA
UTTAR PRADESH
HARYANA
PUNJAB
HIMACHAL
PRADESH
JAMMU & KASHMIR
WEST
BENGAL
JHARKHAND
CHHATTISGARH
BIHAR MEGHALAYA
TRIPURA
MIZORAM
MANIPAL
NAGALAND
ARUNACHAL
PRADESH
ASSAM
SIKKIM
UTTARANCHAL
• Mumbai
Bangalore •
Thiruvananthapuram •
• Chennai
• Delhi
Kolkata •
ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS
• Port Blair
General information
Graphical representation,
not to scale
118
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS:
28 STATES AND 7 UNION TERRITORIES
Andaman and Nicobar Islands•
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chandigarh•
Chhattisgarh
Dadra and Nagar Haveli•
Daman and Diu•
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Location South Asia
Total Population 1,065,070,607 (2004 estimate)
Government type Federal republic
Currency Rupee (Rs.)
Area Total: 3,287,590 sq. km
Land: 2,973,190 sq. km
Water: 314,400 sq. km
Area comparative slightly more than one-third
the size of USA
Climate Varies from tropical monsoon in the
south to temperate in the north
Languages Hindi (official); English for
commerce; 14 regional dialects
Legal system based on English common law;
limited judicial review of legislative
acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Lakshadweep•
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Pondicherry•
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttaranchal
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
• Union territory
120
The Government of India
E X E C U T I V E
President of India
Prime Minister
Central Government
(Ministries)
Central Government
(Independent Departments)
Apex/Independent Offices
L E G I S L A T U R E
Rajya Sabha
(Council of States or the Upper House)
(with a maximum strength of 250
members, of which 238 are to be
elected and 12 nominated by the
President of India)
Lok Sabha
(House of the People or the
Lower House)
(with a maximum strength of 550
members, of which 530 are to be
elected from the States and 20 elected
from Union Territories)
J U D I C I A R Y
Supreme Court of India
High Courts
(in each state)
District Courts
Boards and Tribunals
Consumer Courts
Rights Commissions
(chosen by the majority party
or coalition in the Lok Sabha
and formally appointed by
the President)
General information
Economic and Social Indicators
ECONOMIC INFORMATION
Unit Value
Demography
Population (Mn) 1,065
Urban population (% to total) 28
Birth rate (Per 1,000) 25
Death rate (Per 1,000) 8
Infant mortality rate (Per 1,000 live births) 68
Life expectancy (Years) 65.4
Labour force (Mn) 427
National Income
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (US$ Bn) 652
Share in GDP
Agriculture (%) 24
Industry (%) 25
Manufacturing (%) 17
Services (%) 51
Net National Product (US$ Bn) 579
Per capita NNP (US$) 530
Per capita PPP (US$) 2,880
Gross Domestic Savings (% to GDP) 28
Gross Domestic
Capital formation (% to GDP) 26
Agriculture
Production
Foodgrains (Mn tonnes) 206.4
Rice (Mn tonnes) 88
Wheat (Mn tonnes) 73
Sugar* (Mn tonnes) 13
Tea (Mn tonnes) 0.8
Tobacco (Mn tonnes) 1
Oilseed (Mn tonnes) 25
Cotton (Mn tonnes) 17
Fruits (Mn tonnes) 48
Vegetables (Mn tonnes) 90
Fertiliser Consumption
per hectare of arable land (kg.) 94
* Centrifugal sugar expressed in raw value
122
Unit Value
Infrastructure & communications
Electricity production (Bn kwh) 587
Electricity consumption
Per capita (kwh) 538
Rail route (km) 63,140
Air passengers carried (Mn) 22.3
Motor vehicles (per 1,000 people) 10
TV sets (per 1,000 people) 83
Telephone main lines (per 1,000 people) 41
Cellular Mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people) 55
Personal computers (per 1,000 people) 7
Internet Users (per 1,000 people) 16
Researchers in R & D (per Mn people) 120
R & D Expenditure (% to GDP) 0.85
External Sector & Exchange rate
Exports ($ Bn) 79
As % of world exports (%) 0.8
Exports of commercial services ($ Bn) 25
Imports ($ Bn) 107
Forex reserves† ($ Bn) 143
Exchange rate† (Rs./ per US$) 44.00
† Pertains to September 30, 2005
ECONOMIC INFORMATION
General information
Unit Value
Inflation, Banking & Capital market
Consumer prices (Ave. % ’04-05) 3.8
Domestic credit by
Banking sector (% to GDP) 31
Commercial bank
Lending rate (%) 10.5
Total Insurance density ($) 16
Total Insurance penetration (% to GDP) 3
FDI inflows ($ Bn) 5.5
Listed domestic companies (No.) 5,644
Market capitalisation ($ Bn on 28/7/05) 450
External debt
Total Debt outstanding ($ Bn) 113.6
Debt service ratio (%) 18.3
Social sector indicators
Gross enrolment ratio in
primary schools (%) 99
Adult literacy (%) 61
Labour cost per worker
in manufacturing ($ per year) 1,800
Education expenditure (Public) ( % to GDP) 3.7
Physicians (per 1,000 population) 0.5
Health expenditure (Public) (% to GDP) 1.5
Health expenditure per capita ($) 8
Conventional contraceptive users (Mn) 16.5
Overall pill users (Mn) 8.2
Poverty
Population below poverty line (%) 26.1
Note: Data generally relate to the latest available period, 2004-05
Source: Statistical Outline of India 2004-05, Economic Survey of India 04-05, CMIE, TSMG.
ECONOMIC INFORMATION
124
India has 35 cities with over one million population.
Mumbai 16,368 6,326
Kolkata 13,217 3,744
Delhi 12,791 9,982
Chennai 6,425 4,797
Bangalore 5,687 4,102
Hyderabad 5,534 5,534
Ahmedabad 4,519 4,192
Pune 3,755 6,277
Surat 2,811 3,737
Kanpur 2,690 3,092
Jaipur 2,324 3,278
Lucknow 2,267 3,158
Nagpur 2,123 5,142
Patna 1,707 2,540
Indore 1,639 2,891
Vadodara 1,492 3,665
Bhopal 1,455 2,782
Coimbatore 1,446 4,844
Key metros with high per
capita income
Ludhiana 1,395 7,785
Kochi 1,355 3,965
Vishakhapatnam 1,329 3,687
Agra 1,321 2,328
Varanasi 1,212 3,174
Madurai 1,195 2,448
Meerut 1,167 2,306
Nasik 1,152 3,409
Jabalpur 1,117 2,538
Jamshedpur 1,102 2,510
Asansol 1,090 3,316
Dhanbad 1,064 2,502
Faridabad 1,055 6,938
Allahabad 1,050 2,299
Amritsar 1,011 3,695
Vijaywada 1,011 6,787
Rajkot 1,002 3,982
Source: Census Bureau, NCAER data, TSMG Estimates.
City Population Average
(’000) Household
Income ($)
City Population Average
(’000) Household
Income ($)
General information
Glossary
of Terms
Terms and
Abbreviations Meaning
BSE Bombay Stock Exchange Ltd.: It is the largest stock exchange in India having over 6,000 listed stocks - www.bseindia.com
CAGR Compounded Annual Growth Rate: is the average annual growth rate calculated over a period (either forecast or historical)
CII The Confederation of Indian Industry: Founded in 1895, CII is an Indian business association, with a direct membership of
over 5300 companies from the private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs and indirect membership of over
80,000 companies from around 300 national and regional sectoral associations - www.ciionline.org
CMIE The Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy: is an independent economic organisation which specialises in monitoring and
researching the Indian economy - www.cmie.com
Economic Survey A document released annually by the Government of India that provides updated socio-economic information of the Indian
Economy
FII Foreign Institutional Investments: Portfolio Investments by Foreign Asset Management Companies, Pension Funds, Mutual
Funds etc., which are registered with the SEBI. FIIs can buy and sell listed as well as unlisted securities
FDI Foreign Direct Investment: refers to an investment made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside of the
economy of the investor. According to IMF, a minimum of 10 per cent of equity ownership is required to qualify an investor as
a foreign direct investor
FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry: Set up in 1927, it is a business association with over 1,500
corporate members - www.ficci.com
FIPB Foreign Investment Promotion Board is a specially empowered board, chaired by Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs,
which acts as the approving authority for foreign investment not falling under the automatic approval route and as a
facilitator/single-window clearance agency for large foreign investment proposals. Please refer page 113 for details
FY Financial Year: Usually April 1 to March 31; e.g. FY 04 would refer to the period, April 1, 2003 to March 31, 2004. Also
referred to as 2003-04
GDP Gross Domestic Product is a measure of the value of economic production of a particular territory in financial capital terms
during a specified period
IBEF India Brand Equity Foundation is a public-private partnership between the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government
of India and the Confederation of Indian Industry. It collects, collates and disseminates comprehensive and current information
on the Indian economy and business - www.ibef.org (Please refer page 115 for details)
Investment Headed by Mr. Ratan Tata, the Commission advises the Government of India on changes in policies and procedures that will
Commission enhance domestic investment. Also recommends projects and investment proposals to be mentored and promotes India as
an investment destination. Please refer page114 for details
Glossary
126
NASDAQ National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (originally). It is the largest U.S. electronic stock market
with approximately 3,300 companies listed on it
NCAER National Council of Applied Economic Research is one of India’s premier economic research institutions - www.ncaer.org
NRI Non-Resident Indian, an Indian citizen who stays abroad for employment/carrying on business or vocation outside India or
stays abroad under circumstances indicating an intention for an uncertain duration of stay abroad
NYSE The New York Stock Exchange is the world’s leading equities market with 2,800 world-class companies listed on it with a
total global market value of $20 trillion
p.a. Per annum: per year
PPP Purchasing power parity. A method of measuring the relative purchasing power of currencies of different countries over the
same types of goods and services, in order to make relatively accurate comparisons of standards of living across countries.
Private Sector A company (majority) owned, managed and run by private entities or individuals, whether Indian or foreign, and not by the
Company Government
Public Sector Public Sector Undertaking. A company (majority) owned, managed and run by the Government of India
Company
(PSU)
RBI Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of India which regulates and supervises the Indian financial system apart from
regulating foreign exchange and managing monetary policy - www.rbi.org.in
SEBI Securities and Exchange Board of India is a regulatory body appointed by the Government of India, which supervises the
Indian Debt and Equity markets - www.sebi.gov.in
SEZ Special Economic Zone: is a geographical region governed by the SEZ Act, 2005 (Please refer page 113) that is deemed to be
foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations, duties and tariffs to enhance foreign investment and promote exports
from the country
SME Small and Medium Enterprise as defined by the Draft SME Bill is a company with an investment of less than Rs. 100 million
($2.2 million) for a manufacturing unit and Rs. 50 million ($1.1 million) for services
SSI Small-Scale Industry Unit is an industrial undertaking with an investment of less than Rs10 million ( $0.2 million) in plant and
machinery and annual turnover of Rs. 10 million to Rs. 100 million
TSMG Tata Strategic Management Group is one of the leading management consulting firms in South Asia. - www.tsmg.com
Terms and
Abbreviations Meaning
Copyright© 2005 by the Investment Commission. All rights reserved. Published - December 2005.
Prepared by:
The Investment Commission
Government of India
Website: www.investmentcommission.in
Email: [email protected]
Ratan N. Tata, Chairman
Tata Sons Limited,
Bombay House,
24, Homi Mody Street,
Mumbai 400001.
Deepak S. Parekh, Member
HDFC
Ramon House, 169, Backbay Reclamation
H T Parekh Marg - Churchgate,
Mumbai 400020.
Ashok S. Ganguly, Member
ICICI OneSource Limited,
6th Floor, Peninsula Chamber,
Ganpatrao Kadam Marg - Lower Parel,
Mumbai 400013.
In consultation with:
Tata Strategic Management Group
A division of Tata Industries Limited,
Nirmal 18th Floor, Nariman Point,
Mumbai 400021.
Tel: +91 22 5637 6789 Fax: +91 22 5637 6600 Website: www.tsmg.com
Designed by:
CQ – Creative Quotient
Tel: +91 22 2431 3526 Fax: +91 22 2437 4531 Website: www.c-quotient.com
Processed & Printed by:
Repro India Ltd.
Marathe Udyog Bhavan, 2nd Floor
Appasaheb Marathe Marg, Prabhadevi
Mumbai 400025.
Tel: +91 22 2431 3526 Fax: +91 22 2437 4531 Website: www.reproindialtd.com
Images courtesy:
IBEF
Website: www.ibef.org
Disclaimer:
The content of this document is based on data and assumptions derived from external sources, and on the conditions and laws prevalent at the time of creating and printing it. This
document is presented for informational purposes only. While the authors have made efforts to compile and analyze data from the best sources reasonably available to them, the authors
have not independently verified the completeness or accuracy of the data and assumptions, and they do not make any representation regarding the same. Any changes in facts/
assumptions/policies/ laws/ regulations will clearly impact the analyses and conclusions. Therefore, the information contained in this report should not be relied upon without independent
investigation and analysis and the Investment Commission and/or the Tata Strategic Management Group will not be responsible for any liabilities incurred by any third party as a result of
reliance upon such information.
INVESTMENT COMMISSION
Government of India
www.investmentcommission.in